Cardiovascular Surgery
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| What is an endarterectomy? | removal of plaque from the carotid artery
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| What meds may be held prior to cardiac surgery? | anticoagulants and diuretics
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| How far in advance are anticoagulants held with cardiac surgery? | ASA-2-7 days , warfarin 4-5 days
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| How far in advance are diuretics held with cardiac surgery? | 2 days
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| How long is a patient NPO prior to cardiac surgery? | 8-12 hours
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| What is CPB? | cardiopulmonary bypass
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| What is the purpose of CPB? | to divert blood from the heart and lungs so that the surgical area is bloodless and motionless
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| How high is the PTT made in CPB for therapeutic effect? | 5-6x greater than normal
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| What is used to reverse the effects of Heparin with CPB? | protamine sulfate
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| Where is heparin stored in the body? | in organs in tissues
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| How long after surgery can fluid shift occur with CPB? | 6 hours
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| Why are mediastinal chest tubes used with CPB? | to drain any remaining blood from chest cavity
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| How is the sternotomy closed after cardiac surgery? | both with wires and sutures
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| What is a CABG? | coronary artery bypass graft
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| What veins are commonly used with CABG? | saphenous vein from leg or internal mammary artery from the chest wall
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| What other arteries can be used with CABG? | RGEA and IEA (look them up)
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| What is TML? | transmyocardial laser
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| What is the purpose of TML? | to reduce angina
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| What does TML ultimately do? | makes 20-30 channles into the myocardium to reduce angina
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| What is a commisurotomy? | heart valve repair for a stenosed valve
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| What is annuloplasty? | repairs the annulus of the valve
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| What valve is commonly repaired using annuloplasty? | mitral valve
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| What is a valvotomy? | balloon procedure to repair a stenosed valve
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| What are the 3 types of mechanical valves? | caged ball,monoleaflet,bileaflet
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| What type of blood flow do mechanical valves create and why is this a problem? | turbulent flow, leads to clot formation
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| What are the 3 sources of tissue for valve replacements? | porcine,bovine,human
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| What re the indications that ventricular aneurysms need repair? | persistant angina,symptoms of heart failure, left vent failure, tachydysrhythmias
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| What muscle is used for a cardiomyoplasty | latissimus dorsi
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| What are athe 2 types of cardiac traumas? | nonpenetrating or penetrating
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| What renal complications can occur from cardiac surgery? | low arterial pressure can trigger angiotensin mechanism
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| Who is cardiac transplant reserved for? | end stage cardiac disease patients
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| What is the major cause of death the first year after cardiac transplant? | rejection
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