Volcanoes
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| decompression melting | occurs because the pressure drops and the rock's melting point decreases
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| intraplate volcanism | igneous activity the occurs within a tectonic plate away from plate boundaries - hot spots
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| Volcanic Island Arc | volcanoes create a string of islands that mirror the curve of the deep-ocean trench
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| Continental Volcanic Arc | Created when the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental crust - magma builds up and mountain ranges are formed.
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| Volcano | a weak spot in the Earth's crust where molten materia, magma comes to the surface
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| Magma | molten mixture of rock forming substances
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| lava | when magma reaches the surface it is refeerd to as lava
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| Ring of Fire | one major volcanic belt that rims the Pacific Ocean
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| Hot Sports | Form volcanoes far from plate boundaries
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| viscosity | a substance's resistance to flow - determined by temperature and chemical composition of magma
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| pahoehoe | fast moving, hot lava
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| Aa | slower moving lava forms jagged chunks
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| pyroclastic materials | particles released during an eruption
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| lapilli | cinders - small beads to walnut sized particles
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| blocks | particles larger than 64 mm - made of hardened lava and bombs that glow when ejected
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| Magma chamber | large underground pocket that contains magma
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| pipe | a narrow, almost vertical crack in the crust through which magma rises
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| lava flow | the river of lava that pours down a volcano over land
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| vent | point on surface where magma leaves the volcano's pipe
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| side vent | volcanoes may have more that one vent, or force magma out the side
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| crater | bowl shaped area around the volcanoes vent
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| sill | the magma that does not make it out of the volcano.
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| caldera | a bowl-shaped depression formed when a magma chamber collapses
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| shield volcano | slow erupting, thin lava flows easily to form layer after layer of harden lava - quiet eruption
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| composite volcano | alternates explosive eruptions of lava fragments with lava flows. Tall, cone-shaped mountains result - violent eruptions
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| cinder cone volcano | steep, cone shaped hill or mountain - occasionally produces thick lava = violent eruption
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| lava plateaus | lava flows out of several long cracks to form layer after layer of harden lava - high,level areas
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| volcanic necks | magma hardens in the volcanoes pipe. Overtime the softer rock wears away and the only thing left standing is the hardened magma
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| hot springs | groundwater heated by volcanic activity (magma)
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| geyser | hot groundwater becomes trapped and is heated - steam pressure builds and a water eruption occurs through cracks in the crust.
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| geothemal energy | steam from underground is used to spin turbines = electricity
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| volcano stage - active | volcano that is erupting or shows signs that it may erupt in the future
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| volcano stage - dormant | sleeping volcano, may be 1,000's of years between explosions.
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| volcano stage - extinct | dead volcano, unlikely it will erupt again
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| plutons | structures that formed beneath Earth's surface as a result of hardening magma
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| dikes | magma that forces itself across rock layers and hardens
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| sills | magma that forces itself between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks and hardens
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| laccoliths | a lens-shaped pluton that occurs close to the surface and pushes sedimentary rock layers upward.
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| dome mountain | formed when rising magma is blocked by horizontal layers of rock. The magma forces the rock to bend upward into a dome.
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| batholiths | a mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust, due to uplift and erosion, the structure has an exposed surface area greater than 100 square kilometers.
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