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| purpose of excretory system? | functions to rid the body of nitrogenous waste
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| where does nitogenous waste come from | metabolic breakdown of proteins and amino acids
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| where does body convert ammnia to urea | conversion occurs in liver
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| how does material move from the circulatory system to the excretory system? | blood circulates throughout the body, and pressure forces small molecules to leave the ciruculatory system and enter the excretory system
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| where does material move from circulatory to excretory system? | occurs between glomerulus and Bowmans capsule. this is called filtration
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| how does ADH work? | makes the collection duct of the nephron unit more permeable to water, which allows more water for reabsorption.
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| non-specific defenses | called innate; almost always present at birth and are not activated by a specific substance, nor confer a long term immunitiy
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| specific defenses | defenses aquired and confer long-term immunity to a specific antigen
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| what are some innate defenses to keep pathogens from entering body | skin. Lysozymes present in mucous, saliva and sweat, and tears
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| 3 types of lymphocytes | 1. Natural Killer Cells2. t-cells.3. B-cells
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| how do NKCs differ from T-cells and B-cells | NKCs have a different lineage of differentiation; part of innate defense
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| what is the mechanism of action employed by NKCS | NKCs attach to pathogenic cells and release cytotoxic chemicals, such as perforin. (causes cells to lyse)
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| What are phagocytic cells? | engulf material
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| example of phagocytic cells | macrophage; big eater
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| what is interferon? | protein produced by virally infected cells.
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| what is complement system | group of over 20 proteins that act in tandem with other defense mechnisms. work with both specific and non specific defenses
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| what is an antibody | remember specific antigens, once generated, antibodies respond rapidly to subsequent exposures to an antigen
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| what is antigen | are substances that trigger formation of antibodies by immune system
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| passive immunity | an ind. recieves anitbodies ( mother to child)
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| active immunity | ind. generates antibodies after exposeure to antigen (becoming infected with flu)
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| B-cells | develop in bone marrow and have humoral activity
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| with T-cells and B-cells originate where? | bone marrow
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| T cells | develop in thymus and have cell-mediated activity
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| Killer t-cells | cytotoxic activity
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| help t- cells | stimulate and activate both t and b cells
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