Skin Pathologies/Conditions, Lab Tests & Clinical Procedures
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| crust | collection of dried serum & cellular debris
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| example of crust is | a scab
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| when crust forms from the drying of a body exudate it can be linked to | eczema, impetigo, & seborrhea
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| cyst | thick-walled, closed sac/pouch containing fluid/semisolid material
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| examples of cysts are | pilondial & sebaceous
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| pilondial cyst | found over sacral area in midline, contains hairs
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| sebaceous cyst | collection of yellowish, cheesy sebum commonly found on scalp, vulva, & scrotum
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| erosion | wearing away/loss of epidermis
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| do not penetrate below dermoepidermal junction | erosion
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| erosions occur as a result of | inflammation/injury & heal without scarring
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| fissue | groove/crack-like sore
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| break in the skin lining anal canal | anal fissue
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| macule | discolored, often reddened flat lesion
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| nodule | solid, round/oval elevated lesion, more than 1cm in diameter
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| enlarged lymph node & solid growths are examples of | nodules
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| papule | small (<1cm in diameter), solid elevation of skin
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| pimples are examples of | papules
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| when papules become confluent they form | plaques
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| plaques | a superficial, solid, elevated skin lesion
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| polyp | benign growth extending from surface of mucous membrane
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| commonly found in nose & sinuses, urinary bladder & uterus | polyps
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| pustule | small elevation of skin contanining pus
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| small abcess on the skin | pustule
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| abcess | collection of pus
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| ulcer | open sore on skin/mucous membranes within body
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| caused by pressure that results from lying in one position | decubitus ulcer
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| decubitus ulcer | bedsore
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| pressure ulcers usually involve | loss of tissue substance & pus/exudate formation
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| exudate | a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris that has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation
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| vesicle | small collection of clear fluid (serum)
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| blisters are considered | vesicles from a few mm to 1cm
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| vesciles form in the case of | burns, allergies & dermatitis
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| bulla | large vesicle <1cm
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| plural for bulla | bullae
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| wheal | smooth, slightly elevated, edematous area that is redder/paler than surrounding skin
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| edematous | swollen
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| as in a misquito bite, wheals are | circumscribed
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| wheals may involve a wide area, as in the case of | an allergic reaction
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| accompanied by itching & seen in the case of | hives, anaphylaxis & insect bites
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| alopecia | baldness or absence of hair from areas where it normally grows
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| may be hereditary or be caused by disease, injury, or treatment such as chemotherapy | alopecia
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| alopecia areata | idiopathic condition in which hair falls out in patches
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| ecchymosis | bluish-black mark (bruise) on the skin
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| ecchymoses | plural of ecchymosis
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| caused by hemorrhages into skin from injury or spontaneous leaking of blood from vessels | ecchymosis
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| petechia | small, pinpoint hemorrhage
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| smaller verion of ecchymoses | petechia
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| purpura | bleeding into the skin
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| petechia and ecchymoses are forms of | purpura
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| pruritus | itching
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| arises as a result of stimulation of nerves in skin by substances released in allergic reactions or by irritation caused by substances in blood/foreign bodies | pruritus
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| pruritus is a symptom associated with | most forms of dermatitis
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| urticaria | acut allergic reaction in which red, round wheals develop on skin; hives
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| may be intense with localized edema, & commonly caused by allergy to foods | urticaria
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| acne | chronic papular & pustular eruption of skin with increased production of sebum
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| acne vulgaris | caused by buildup of sebum & keratin in pores of skin
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| blackhead | comedo, plural comedones
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| sebum plug partially blocking the pore | blackhead
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| whitehead | if a por becomes completely blocked by a sebum plug, or blackhead
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| papules, pustules & cysts can form when | bacteria in skin break down sebum, producing inflammation in tissue
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| long-term antibiotic use & medications to dry out the skin are treatments for | acne
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| these medications are used to prevent comedo | Benzoyl peroxide & tretinoin (Retin-A)
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| used to treat severe cystic acne | isotretinoin (Accutane)
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| burns | injury to tissues caused by heat contact
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| may be caused by dry heat, moist heat, cheicals, lightening, electricity, or radiation | burns
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| first-degree burns | superficial epidermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia, & no blisters
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| sunburn is an example of | a first-degree burn
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| second-degree burns | epidermal & dermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia, & blisters
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| second-degree burns are also called | partial-thickness burn injury
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| third-degree burns | epidermis & dermis are destroyed & subcutaneous layer damaged, leaving charred white tissue
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| third-degree burns are also called | full-thickness burn injury
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| cellulitis | diffuse, acute infection of skin marked by local heat, redness, pain & swelling
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| abcesses & tissue destruction can occur if antibiotics are not taken for treament of | cellulitis
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| area susceptible to cellulitis | areas of poor lymphatic drainage
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| eczema | inflammatory skin disease with erthymetous, papulovesicular lesions; chronic/acute atopic dermititis
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| eczema tends to occur in patients with | family history of allergic reactions
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| rash can occur on face, neck, elbows & kness in the case of | eczema
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| eczema treatment is on a case-by-case basis, but usually includes | corticosteriods
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| exanthematous viral disease | rash of skin due to viral infection
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| rubella, rubeola & varicella are examples of | exanthematous viral disease
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| exanthema means | rash
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| rubella | german measles
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| rubeola | measles
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| varicella | chickenpox
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| gangrene | death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply
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| can result from injury, inflammation, frostbite, diabetes, or arteriosclerosis | gangrene
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| in patients with gangrene, | ischemia leads to necrosis of tissue follwed by bacterial invasion & putrefaction
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| putrefaction | proteins are decomposed by bacteria
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| impetigo | bacterial inflammatory skin disorder
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| contagious pyoderma usually caused by staphylococci or stretococci | impetigo
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| effective treatments for impetigo include | systemic use of antibiotics & proper cleansing of lesions
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| pyoderma | inflammatory, purulent (pertaining to or consisting of pus) dermatitis
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| psoriasis | chronic inflammatory skin disorder; thick, scaly lesions form because of excess epithelial cell growth rate
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| psoriasis commonly involves | elbows, knees, scalp, back & genetalia
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| psoriasis is caused by an increased rate of growth of | the basal layer of the epidermis
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| cause is unknown, condition may run in families & may be worsened by anxiety | psoriasis
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| psoriasis treatment includes | topical lubricants, keratolytics, & steriods
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| psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA) light therapy cay also be used to | treat psoriasis
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| scabies | contagious, parasitic (scabies itch mite)infection of stratum corneum with intense pruritus
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| scabies commonly affects areas such as | the groin, nipples, & skin between the fingers
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| treatment for scabies mites includes | topical medication cream to destroy the tiny parasites
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| scabies comes from the Latin word scabere, which means | to scratch
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| systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) | chronic autoimmune disease of collagen in the skin of joints & internal organs
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| characteristic "butterfly" pattern of redness over the cheeks & nose is found in | patients with SLE
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| severe cases of SLE can also include | increased erthema & all exposed areas of the skin may be involved
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| SLE treatment includes | corticosteriods & immunosuppressive drugs to control symptoms
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| discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) | milder, scaling, plaque-like, superficial eruption os skin
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| discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is confined to | the face, scalp, ears, chest, arms & back
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| reddish patches heal leaving scars on patients with | discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
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| tinea | means ringworm
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| tinea corporis | infection is in a pink to red, ring-like pattern, highly contagious & causes severe pruritus
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| tinea pedis | athlete's foot; affects skin between toes
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| tinea capitis | affects skin on the scalp
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| tinea barbae | affects skin under a beard
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| tinea unguium | affects the nails
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| anitfungal agents are used to treat forms of | tinea
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| Latin tinea means | worm or moth
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| Romans thought that skin affected with tinea looked | "moth-eaten"
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| vitiligo | loss of pigment in areas of skin
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| depigmentation & milk-white patches occur with | vitiligo
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| vitiligo is also known as | leukoderma
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| vitiligo has an increased association with autoimmune conditions, such as | thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, & diabetes mellitus
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| callus | increased growth of cells in keratin layer of epidermis caused by pressure/friction
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| feet and hands are common sites for the formation of | calluses
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| corn | type of callus that forms a hard core
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| whitish, corn-like central kernal | hard core of a corn
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| keloid | hypertrophied, thickened, scar occuring after trauma/surgical incision
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| keloids result from | excessive collagen formation in skin during connective tissue repair
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| the term keloid comes from the Greek kelis, meaning | blemish
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| treaments for keloids are usually | surgical excision combined with intralesional steriod injections/low-dose radiotherapy
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| cicatrix | normal scar left by a healed wound
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| keratosis | thickened & reddened area of epidermis, usually associated with aging/skin damage
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| actinic keratoses are caused by | thickening of outer layer of skin due to overexposure to sun; sometimes precancerous lesions
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| seborrheic keratoses result from | overgrowth of basal cells, well circumscribed, slightly elevated, pigmented ^ often pruritic growths
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| leukoplakia | white, thickened patches on mucous membrane tissue of tounge/cheek
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| may be caused by chronic inflammation, and is common in smokers | leukoplakia
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| nevus (plural nevi) | pigmented lesion of skin
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| nevi include | vascular spiders, hemangiomas, & moles
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| dilated blood vessels radiating out from a point | vascular spiders
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| may be present at birth, but some are acquired | nevus
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| dysplastic nevi | moles that do not form properly & may progress to form a melanoma
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| verruca | epidermal growth caused by a virus
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| verruca vulgaris | common wart, most frequent type
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| verrucae | plantar warts
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| plantar warts occur on | soles of feet
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| juvenile warts occur on | hands & face
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| venereal warts occur on | genitals & around anus
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| treatments for warts includes removal with | acids, electrocautery, or cryosurgery
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| cryosurgery to remove warts is | freezing with liquid nitrogen
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| warts frequently regrow when | the virus remains in the skin
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| basal cell carcinoma | malignant tumor of basal layer of epidermis
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| most frequent type of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma
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| basal cell carcinoma is a slow-growing tumor that usually occurs on | the face, especially near or on the nose
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| basal cell carcinoma almost never | metastasizes
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| squamous cell carcinoma | malignant tumor of squamous epithelial cells of epidermis
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| may grow anywhere squamous epithelium is found | squamous cell carcinoma
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| actinic keratoses are | premalignant lesions in people with sun-damaged skin
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| is lesions are not removed actinic keratoses | progresses into squamous cell carcinoma
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| treatment of squamous cell carcinoma includes | surgical excision, cryotherapy, curettage, & electrodessication/radiotherapy
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| malignant melanoma | cancerous growth composed of melanocytes
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| malignant melanoma is attributed to | intense exposure to sunlight
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| usually begins as mottled, light brown to black, flact macule with irregular borders | malignant melanoma
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| in malignant melanoma lesions may turn to | shade of red, blue & white; also may crust on surface
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| melanomas often arise in | preexisting moles (dyplastic nevi)
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| frequently appear of upper back, lower legs, arms head & neck | melanomas
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| diagnosis of melanomas requires | a biopsy
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| prognosis of melanomas is commonly determined by | measuring tumor tickness in millimeters
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| melanomas often metastasize to | the lung, liver, bone & brain
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| treatment for melanomas include | excision of tumor, regional lymphadenectomy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy & radiotherapy
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| Kaposi sarcoma | malignant, vascular, meoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules
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| Kaposi sarcoma frequently arises on | the lower extremities
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| Kaposi sarcoma nodules ranges in color from | deep pink to dark blue & purple
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| condition associated with AIDS | Kaposi sarcoma
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| bacterial analysis | samples of skin are sent to a lab to detect presence of microorganisms
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| purulent | pus-filled
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| exudate | fluid that accumulates
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| purulent material or exudate are often taken for examination using | bacterial analysis
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| fungal tests | scrapings from skin lesions, hair specimens, or mail clipping are sent to a lab for culture & microscopic examination
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| specimens for fungal tests mar be treated with | a potasium hyroxide (KOH) preparation & examined microscopically
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| a positive KOH test often eliminates the need for | a culture, in regards to a fungal test
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| cryosurgery | use of subfreezing temperature via liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue
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| curettage | use of sharp dermal curette to scrap away a skin lesion
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| curette is shaped like | a spoon or scoop
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| electrodesiccation | tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark
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| procedure used along with curettage to remove & destroy small cancerous lesions with well-defined borders | electrodesiccation
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| Mohs surgery | thin layers of malignant growth removed & each is examined under microscope
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| specialized form of excision to treat basal squamous cell carcinomas & other tumors | Mohs surgery
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| Mohs surgery is also known as | microscopically controlled surgery
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| skin biopsy | suspected maliganant skin lesions are removed & sent to pathology lab for microscopic examination
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| punch biopsy | surgical instrument removes a core of tissue by rotation of its sharp, circular edge
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| shave biopsy | tissue is excised using a cut parallel to surface of surrounding skin
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| skin test | reaction of body to substance by observing results of injecting the substance/applying it topically to the skin
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| skin test are used to diagnose | allergies & disease
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| patch test | allergen-treated piece of gauze/filter paper applied to skin
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| if a patch test is positive | the skin will turn red or swollen
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| scratch test | several scratched made in skin & minute amount of test material inserted into scratches
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| Schick test | skin test for diptheria
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| Mantoux test | PPD (purified protein derivative) is a skin test for tuberculosis
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| Candidiasis | Candida changes to a pathogen & casues localized/generalized mucocutaneous disease
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| paronychial lesions in areas of body where rubbing of opposing surfaces is a common cause of | Candidiasis
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| thrush | white plaques attached to oral/vaginal mucous membranes; type of Candidiasis
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| vulvovaginitis | intense itching around the vagina, almost complete lack of vaginal secretions, and tissue atrophy; type of Candidiasis
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| usual means of entry for bacteria, in cellulitis | surgical wound, puncture, insect bite, skin ulcer, or patch of dermatitis
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| cellulitis on the face needs to be given special attention because | infection may extend directly to the brain
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| mycosis fungoides | rare, chronic skin condition caused by infiltration of skin by malignant lymphocytes
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| cutaneous T cell lymphoma is another name for | mycosis fungoides
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| mycosis fungoides is characterized by | generalized erythroderma & large reddish, raised tumors that spread & ulcerate
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| effective treatments to control mycosis fungoides include | cortisone ointments, topical citrogen mustard, & ultraviolet light PUVA
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| excessive warmth, taking birth control pills, antibiotics, & corticosteriods can cause | normal Candida on mucous membranes to change to Candidiasis
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| lesions | pathological change in body tissue caused by injury/disease; can assume variety of forms depending on specific cause
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| Primary lesions | arise from normal skin as the result of a pathologic process
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| secondary lesions | develop from changes to the primary injury
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| erosion | wearing away/loss of epidermal tissue
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| erosion & crust are examples of | secondary lesions
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| many lesions are associated with no | sensations
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| example of lesion's that do have sensations | ulcer
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| a cyst is considered | a primary lesion
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| forms in response to a parasitic infections or obstruction of duct/gland | a cyst
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| examples of a primary lesion | a vescile
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| wheals following an insect bite would be a(n) | primary lesion
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| fissures may form in response to | inflammation, infection or injury worsening
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| fissures are | crack-like secondary lesions
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| uticaria is characterizes vy | eruption of edematous wheals
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| ulcer | formation of crate-like sore resulting from deterioration in response to inflammation, infections, malignancy, or response to external pressure on skin
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| exanthuem | skin eruption/rash accompanied by inflammation
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| exanthematous viral disease | highly commucable illness caused by viral infections
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| characterized by | outbreak of maculopapular lesions
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| lesions asociated with impetigo commonly form around | the mouth & nostrils
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| begin as macules, progressing to viscles becoming purulent & encased | lesions associated with impetigo
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| bacterial analyses of samples of purulent material are performed to determine which bacterial agent caused the infection | impetigo
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| dermabrasion | surgical procedures for removing scars
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| chemabrasion | application of chemicals that remove surface layers of skin cells
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| chemabrasion is also called | chemical abrasion
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| phenol peel is an example of | chemabrasion
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| onycholysis is seen most often with the use of | artificial fingernails
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| used often to identofy causative agent in ezcema | skin testing
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| fungal infection of skin which may affect stratum corneum, hair or nails with ring-like pattern of lesions | tinea
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| fungal tests using scrapings from the skin lesions help to identify the type of fungal growth | tinea
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| characterized by a papular, puritic rash; transmitted by direct contact | scabies
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| scabies most often affects | webs of fingers, flexor surfaces of wrist & thighs
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| scleroderma | hardening of skin; chronic progressive disorder of connective tissue
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| degenerative changes from scleroderma can involve | the skin, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, & internal organs
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| collagen is over produced as part of this disease process | scleroderma
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| scleroderma has no known etiology, although | systemic spread of the disorder may be linked to an autoimmune dysfunction
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| debridement | removing damaged tissue
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| debridement is an important step in | burn healing therapy
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| debridement may be performed in | a hydrotherapy bath
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| most skin neoplasms are | benign
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| benign skin growths can arise from | the epidermis, sweat/sebaceous glands or connective tissue
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| keratosis | lesion that develops as a result of excessive growth & thickening of epidermis
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| common benign neoplasm | keratosis
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| commonly observed among elderly, occuring on face, neck, chest & upper back | seborrehic keratosis
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| lesions are reddened, irregular & raised with a rough surface | actinic keratosis
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| actinic keratosis lesions are usually found on | face, hands, neck & arms
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| hemangioma | benign tumor made up of a bundle of blood vessels
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| mole/nevus | circumscribed, hyperpigmented area of skin
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
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Created by:
lfrancois
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