PATH375 - Ch13
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| Acute nephritic syndrome (1) definition + agent (2) symptoms 5x |
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| Nephrotic syndrome (1) definition (2) symptoms 2x (3) cause 5x (4) results 2x |
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| Acute renal failure (1) definition (2) symptoms - electrolyte disturbances (2) causes 3x (3) treatment, reversible? - if not? |
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| Chronic renal failure (1) definition (2) stages 4x (3) treatment |
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| Group A streptococcus | (blank)
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| hypoalbuminemia | (blank)
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| minimal change glomerulonephritis | (blank)
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| mebranous glomerulonephritis | (blank)
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| membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis | (blank)
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| focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | (blank)
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| systemic disease (diabetes mellitus, SLE) | (blank)
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| diabetes mellitus | (blank)
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| SLE | (blank)
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| prone to infections and thrombi | (blank)
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| acute decreased urine production | (blank)
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| electrolyte disturbances | (blank)
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| dialysis or transplant | (blank)
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| prerenal | (blank)
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| what is prerenal cause of acute renal failure? | conguestive heart failure
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| what is renal cause of acute renal failure? | acute glomerulonephritis
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| what is postrenal cause of acute renal failure? | ureteric stones (obstruction)
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| insidious decrease in renal function due to damaged kidneys | (blank)
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| diminished renal reserve | (blank)
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| renal insufficiency | (blank)
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| renal failure | (blank)
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| end stage renal failure | (blank)
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| end stage kidney | appearance of a terminally damaged kidney
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| Describe structure of urinary tract | 4x + details
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| ureters - location | (blank)
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| bladders - location | (blank)
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| urethra - location | (blank)
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| glomeruli - location | (blank)
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| tubules - location | (blank)
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| loops of Henle - location | (blank)
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| collecting tubes - location | (blank)
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| calices | (blank)
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| pelvis | (blank)
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| transitional type epithelium | (blank)
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| What are the functions of urinary tract? 5x | (blank)
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| urine - definition | (blank)
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| what is the normal amount (Litres) of urine per day? | (blank)
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| filtration barrier of glomeruli structure: (3 layers) | (blank)
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| renin | (blank)
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| erythropoietin | (blank)
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| regulates body's salt and water | (blank)
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| maintain acid-base balance of plasma | (blank)
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| urea | (blank)
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| creatinine | (blank)
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| oliguria | (blank)
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| anuria | (blank)
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| polyuria | (blank)
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| hematuria | (blank)
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| proteinuria | (blank)
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| How many glomerular disease did we study? | (blank)
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| Glomerular disease classification & list | (blank)
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| Glomerular diseases syndromes (5x) - 4? | (blank)
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| Minimal change glomerulopathy (1) definition (2) cause (3) risk group (4) treatment (5) recur? | (blank)
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| lipoid nephrosis | (blank)
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| corticosteriods | (blank)
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| Primary membranous nephropathy (1) definition (2) cause (3) risk group (4) treatment (5) time-left? | most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults
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| diffuse (membranous) thickening of glomerular basement membrane | (blank)
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| Acute glomerulonephritis (1) definition (2) on-set time (3) symptoms 6x (4) recovery rate - children / adult (chart) | Grp A strep 90% case -> immune stuck glomerulus
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| Group A Streptococcal infection | (blank)
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| strep throat / strep skin | (blank)
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| classic nephritic picture | fever, nausea, oliguria, hematuria, proteinuria (mild), peri-orbital edema
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| diabetes mellitus & kidney (1) definition (2) damage to body 4x (3) treatment | (blank)
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| insulin | (blank)
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| hyperglycemia | (blank)
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| glomerulosclerosis | (blank)
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| arteriosclerosis | (blank)
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| pyelonephritis | (blank)
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| papillary necrosis | (blank)
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| What is the first indication of renal damage in diabetes mellitus? | albumin in urine
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| in a patient with diabetes mellitus, if found albumin in urine, it means... | kidney damage
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| What are the three congenital disorders we've studied about the kidney? | (blank)
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| Adult polycystic kidney disease (1) definition (2) results (3) bilateral? unilateral? (4) risk group | (blank)
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| Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (1) definition (2) results (3) bilateral? unilateral? | (blank)
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| Cystic renal dysplasia (1) definition (2) bilateral? unilateral? (3) risk group | (blank)
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| What is the most common inherited disease of the kidney? | (blank)
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| What is the most common nephrotic syndrome in adults? | (blank)
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| What is the most common nephrotic syndrome in children? | (blank)
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| Acute pyelonephritis (1) definition (2) routes (3) predisposing factors 4x (4) treatment | (blank)
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| What is the most common route of bacteria to acute pyelonephritis? How many %? | ascending, 85%
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| What is the major type of bacteria that cause (1) ascending (2) hematogenous spread of acute pyelonephritis? | (-) e. coli (+)
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| bladder obstruction | (blank)
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| urinary stones | (blank)
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| vesicoureteral reflux | (blank)
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| pregnancy | (blank)
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| Renal stones (1) definition (2) rate (3) types 4x (4) symptoms | (blank)
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| calcium stones (1) probable cause (2) can be seen on.. (3) rate | (blank)
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| X-ray can see which type of renal stone? | calcium
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| Which is the most common stone? | calcium
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| What is one possible cause of calcium stone? | (blank)
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| hypercalcemia can cause... | (blank)
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| struvite stone (1) comes when... | chronic urinary tract infection
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| chronic urinary tract infection ... can lead to... | (blank)
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| renal colic | (blank)
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| pyelonephritis | (blank)
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| cystitis | (blank)
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| hematogenous spread | (blank)
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| sepsis | (blank)
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| ascending infection | urethra to bladder
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| Acute tubular necrosis (1) definition (2) cause (3) result (4) treatment | (blank)
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| renal tubular cells | (blank)
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| Benign nephrosclerosis (1) definition (2) result | (blank)
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| ischemic damage to glomeruli | Benign nephrosclerosis
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| hypertension @ kidney: how many types? | 2: systemic & malignant
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| systemic hypertension @ kidney (1) results | fibrinoid necrosis of vessel walls
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| fibrinoid necrosis of vessel walls @ kidney | systemic hypertension @ kidney
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| malignant hypertension (1) definition (2) results | (1) sudden & large increase in bp (2) damage renal arterioles
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| How many ways can circulatory changes affect the kidney? | 3x ABH (1) sudden drop bp (2) ischemic (3) [sudden] increase bp
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| How many renal neoplasms did we study? | 3
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| Renal Cell Carcinoma (1) definition - m/b ; tissue (2) rate (3) symptoms 4x (4) cause (5) survival rate (6) Prognosis: Good when... Bad when... | (blank)
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| Renal epithelial cells... cancer is... | (blank)
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| the most common renal tumor is... | (blank)
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| the cause of renal cell carcinoma is sporadic... due to... ? in how many % patients? | (blank)
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| loss of 1 allele of a tumor suppressor gene | renal cell carcinoma
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| paraneoplastic syndrome of renal cell carcinoma is... | hypercalcemia
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| paraneoplastic syndrome of renal cell carcinoma is hypercalcemia... because... | parathyroid hormone related peptide
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| parathyroid hormone related peptide | hypercalcemia, renal cell carcinoma
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| invasion of renal vein or perinephric fat | bad prognosis for renal cell carcinoma
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| renal vein | renal cell carcinoma
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| perinephric fat | renal cell carcinoma
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| Wilm's tumor (1) definition b/m ; tissue (2) rate (3) cause (4) risk group / age of discovery (5) Treament | (blank)
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| primitive renal tissue... cancer is...? | (blank)
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| blastema ... cancer is...? | (blank)
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| blastema | (blank)
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| What is the most common solid tumor of children? | (blank)
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| (Renal) Transitional cell carcinoma (1) definition b/m ; tissue (2) grade h/l (3) appearance | (blank)
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| transitional epithelial cells in renal pelvis.... cancer is...? | (blank)
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| exophytic tumor | (blank)
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| Bladder infection (1) cause (2) rate m/f (3) increased frequency if...3x | (blank)
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| What are the 3 causes of bladder infections? | bacteria (gram - :e. coli, proteus) ; worms (schistosomiasis) ; virus (CMV, only in immunocompromised)
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| E. coli | (1) kidney infection (2) bladder infection
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| Proteus | (blank)
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| Why is bladder infection more common in females? | (blank)
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| BPH (1) definition (2) leads to...? | benign prostatic hypertrophy: non-malignant enlargement of prostate gland... chronic cystitis
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| Schistosomiasis | bladder worm
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| Egypt | Schistosomiasis
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| CMV | bladder virus... only in immunocompromised
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| How many bladder tumors did we study? | 1
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| (bladder) Transitional cell carcinoma (1) definition m/b ; tissue (2) Rate (3) symptoms 3x (4) risk factors 3x (5) Appearance (6) Low grade if.. High grade if... (7) Focal (8) Treatment | (blank)
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| transitional epithelium @ bladder ... cancer is....? | (blank)
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| what is the most common urinary tract malignancy? | (blank)
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| dysuria | (blank)
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| aniline dyes | (blank)
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| exophytic papillary tumor @ bladder | bladder tumor, low grade
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| sessile tumor @ bladder | high grade
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| multifocal @ bladder | tumor
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| peri-orbital edema | classic nephritic picture (one of)
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| insidious | sneaky, gradual
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| flank pain | (blank)
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| catheter | increase bladder infections
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