Body Structure
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| abduction | movement away from median plane
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| adduction | movement toward median plane
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| medial | pertaining to midline
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| lateral | pertaining to side
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| superior (cephalad) | toward the head
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| inferior (caudal) | toward the tail, away from head
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| proximal | nearest to the center (trunk) or to point of attachment to the body
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| distal | further from the center (trunk) or to point of attachment to the body
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| anterior (ventral) | front of body
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| posterior (dorsal) | back of body
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| parietal | pertaining to the outer wall of the body
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| visceral | pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
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| prone | lying face down on abdomen
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| supine | lying horizontally on back, face up
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| inversion | turning inward, or inside out
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| eversion | turning outward
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| palmar | pertaining to the palm of hand
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| plantar | pertaining to the sole of foot
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| superficial | toward the surface of the body (external)
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| deep | away from the surface of the body (internal)
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| cyt/o | cell
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| hist/o | tissue
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| kary/o | nucleus
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| nucle/o | nucleus
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| anter/o | anterior, front
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| caud/o | tail
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| crani/o | cranium, skull
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| dist/o | (distal) far, farthest
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| dors/o | back of body
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| infer/o | lower, below
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| later/o | side, to one side
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| medi/o | middle
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| poster/o | back (of body), behind, posterior
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| proxim/o | near, nearest
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| ventr/o | belly, belly side
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| abdomin/o | abdomen
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| cervic/o | neck
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| crani/o | cranium, skull
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| gastr/o | stomach
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| ili/o | ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip)
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| inguin/o | groin
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| lumb/o | loins (lower back)
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| pelv/i | pelvis
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| pelv/o | pelvis
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| spin/o | spine
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| thorac/o | chest
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| umbilic/o | umbilicus, NAVEL
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| albin/o | white
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| leuk/o | white
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| chlor/o | green
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| chrom/o | color
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| cirrh/o | yellow
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| jaund/o | yellow
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| xanth/o | yellow
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| cyan/o | blue
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| erythr/o | red
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| melan/o | black
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| poli/o | gray
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| acr/o | extremity
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| eti/o | cause
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| idi/o | unknown, peculiar
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| morph/o | form, shape, structure
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| path/o | disease
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| radi/o | radiation, X-ray
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| somat/o | body
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| son/o | sound
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| viscer/o | internal organs
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| xer/o | dry
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| -genesis | forming, producing, origin
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| -gnosis | knowing
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| -gram | record, writing
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| -graph | instrument for recording
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| -graphy | process of recording
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| -logist | specialist in the study of
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| -logy | the study of
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| -meter | instrument to measure
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| -metry | act of measuring
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| -pathy | disease
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| ab- | away from
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| ad- | toward
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| hetero- | different
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| homeo- | same
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| infra- | below, under
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| peri- | around
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| super- | upper, above
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| trans- | through, across
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| ultra- | excess, beyond
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| stable internal environment | homeostasis
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| when homeostasis is disrupted | disease
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| presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings | pathological/morbid
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| visible indicators | signs
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| felt by patient (dizziness, nausea, pain) | symptoms
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| study of cause or origin of a disease or disorder | etiology
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| Types of diseases: metabolic | such as diabetes
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| infectious | such as measles and mumps
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| congenital | such as cleft lip
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| hereditary | such as hemophilia
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| environmental | such as burns and trauma
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| neoplastic | such as cancer
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| Establishing the cause and nature of a disease | Diagnosis
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| Prediction of the outcome of the course of a disease and its probable outcome | Prognosis
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| Any disease whose cause is unknown | Idiopathic
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| Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated | adhesion
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| Substance analyzed or tested, generally by means of laboratory methods | analyte
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| Substance injected into the body, introduced by catheter, or swallowed to facilitate radiographic images of internal structures that are otherwise difficult to visualize on X-ray films | contrast medium
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| Bursting open of a wound, especially a surgical abdominal wound | dehiscence
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| Feverish, pertaining to a fever | febrile
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| Stable internal environment | homeostasis
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| Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy that is marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain and, sometimes, loss of function | inflammation
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| Diseases; pertaining to a disease | morbid
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| Branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive materials for diagnosis, treatment, and research | nuclear medicine
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| radiology | X-ray
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| Radiological practice that employs fluoroscopy, CT, and ultrasound in nonsurgical treatment of various disorders | interventional radiology
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| Use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of cancer; also called radiation oncology | therapeutic radiology
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| Substances that emit radiation spontaneously; also called tracers | radionuclides
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| Radionuclide attached to a protein, sugar, or other substance used to visualize an organ or area of the body that will be scanned | radiopharmaceutical
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| Term used to describe a computerized image by modality (such as CT, MRD, and nuclear imaging) or by structure (such as thryoid and bone) | scan
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| Pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the preence of microorganisims or their products in the bloodstream | sepsis
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| Producing or associated with generation of pus | suppurative
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| Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope | endoscopy
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| Visual examination of the organs of the pelvis and abdomen through very small incisions in the abdominal wall | laparoscopy
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| Examination of the lungs, pleura, and pleural space with a scope inserted through a small incision between the ribs | thoracoscopy
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| Common blood test that enumerates RBCs, WBCs and platelets; measures hemoglobin; estimates red cell volume; and sorts WBCs into five subtypes with their percentages | complete blood count (CBC)
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| Common urine screening test that evaluates the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine | urinalysis (UA)
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| Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles; formerly called computerized axial tomography | computed tomography (CT)
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| Ultrasound technique used to detect and measure blood-flow velocity and direction through the cardiac chambers, valves, and peripheral vessels by reflecting sound waves off moving blood cells | Doppler
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| Radiographic technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous motion images of internal structures | fluoroscopy
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| Noninvasive imaging technique that used radiowaves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images | magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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| Scanning technique using computed tomography to record the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical, that produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine the presence of disease | positron emission tomography (PET)
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| Imaging technique that uses x-rays passed through the body or area and captured on film; also called x-ray | radiography
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| Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs | single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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| Imaging procedure using high-grequency sound waves that display the reflected "echoes" on a monitor; also called ultrasound | ultrasonography (US)
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| Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis | biopsy (bx)
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| Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe | needle biopsy
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| Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow instrument (punch) | punch biopsy
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| Removal of tissue using a surgical blade to shave elevated lesions | shave biopsy
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| Removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freeaing, or radio frequency | ablation
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| Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another | anastomosis
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| Destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals | cauterize
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| Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet) | curettage
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| Incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity | Incision and Drainage (I&D)
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| Surgical technique employing a device that emits intense heat and power at close range to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissues | laser surgery
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| Surgical removal of tissue in an extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an atttempt to excise all tissue that may be malignant and decrease the chance of recurrence | radical dissection
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| Partial excision of a bone, organ, or other structure | resection
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| ant | anterior
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| AP | anteroposterior (front to back)
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| Bx, bx | biopsy
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| CBC | complete blood count
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| CT | computed tomography
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid
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| DSA | digital subtraction angiography
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| Dx | diagnosis
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| FS | frozen section
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| I&D | incision and drainage
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| LAT, lat | lateral
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| LLQ | left lower quadrant
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| LUQ | left upper quadrant
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| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging
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| PET | positron emission tomography
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| post | posterior
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| RF | rheumatoid factor; radio frequency
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| RLQ | right lower quadrant
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| RUQ | right upper quadrant
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| sono | sonogram
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| SPECT | single positron emission computed tomography
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| Sx | symptom
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| Tx | treatment
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| UA | urinalysis
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| U&L, U/L | upper and lower
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| US | ultrasound; ultrasonography
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