Terms & Meanings
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| Candida | yeast-like fungus normally present in the mouth, skin, vagina & intestinal tract
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| Thrush | Candida infection of the mouth
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| Cryptoccocus | yeast-like fungus; pathogen found in pigeon droppings, nesting places, air, water & soil
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| retinitis | inflammation of retina at back of the eye
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| Cryptosporidium | parasitic, one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals
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| Histoplasma capsulatum | fungus; pathogen found in bird & bat droppings
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| pneumoccocus jirovecii | one-celled organism responsible for PCP; pathogen found in air, water, and soil; carried by animals
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| Bactrim | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
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| Toxoplasma | pathogen causing toxoplasmosis
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| Myobacterium tuberculosis | bacteria causing Tuberculosis (TB)
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| granulocyte colony-stimulating factor | a cytokine that promotes neutophil production
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| granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | cytokine secreted by macrophages that poromotes growth of myeloid progenitor cells & differentiation to granulocytes
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| highly active antiretroviral therapy | use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS
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| natural killer cell | lymphocyte that recognizes & destroys foreign cells by releasing cytotoxins
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| acquired immunity | formation of antibodies & lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen
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| AIDS | depression/supression of immune system after exposure to HIV
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| adenoids | masses of lymphatic tissue in nasopharnyx
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| allergen | substance capable of causing a specfic hypersensitivity in the body; an antigen
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| antibody | protein produced in bloodstream by lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen
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| antibodies destroy or weaken | antigens
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| autoimmune disease | chronic disabling disease cause by abnormal production of antibodies to normal body tissues
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| axillary node | lymph node under the arm
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| B cell | lymphocyte originating in bone marrow & transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies
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| CD4+ lymphocytes | helper T cells that carry CD4+ protein antigen on their surface
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| cell-mediated immunity | type of immune response involving T cell lymphocytes, which act directly on antigens to destroy them
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| cervical node | lymph node in neck
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| cytokine | protein that aids cells to destroy antigens
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| interleukins & interferons are | cytokines
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| cytotoxic cell | T cell lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells
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| T8 cell is | a cytotoxic cell
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| denritic cell | type of macrophage that captures antigens & presents them to T cells for destruction
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| helper T cell | lymphocyte that aids B cell lymphocyte in recognizing antigens & stimulating antibody production
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| humoral immunity | immune response in which a B cell lymphocyte transforms into a plasma cell & secretes antibodies
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| hypersensistivity | abnormal condition characterized by an exaggerated response of immune system to an antigen
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| hypersplenism | syndrome of spleen enlargement & destruction of red blood cells
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| immune response | body's capability to resist foreign organisms & toxins that can damage tissue & organs
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| immunoglobulins | react with antigens, transforming them into harmless substances or break them down to be disposed of by phagocytes
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| immunosuppression | blocking/turning off normal immune response
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| immunotherapy | use of immunologic techniques to treat disease
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| inguinal node | lymph node in groin region
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| interferons | anti-viral proteins secreted by lymphocytes
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| interleukins | proteins that stimulate immune system including B & T cell lymphocytes
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| interstitial fluid | fluid that fills spaces between cells
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| lymph | fluid that circulates within lymph vessels & lymph nodes
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| lymph capillaries | tiny lymph vessels that carry lymph through body
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| lymph node | small, stationary, bean-shaped structures that occur in clusters along the path of lymph vessels
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| lymph vessels | carry lymph throughout body
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| lymphadenitis | inflammation of lymph nodes
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| lymphadenopathy | disease of lymph nodes
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| lymphedema | abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels & backflow of lymph
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| lymphocytes | white blood cells that develop promarily in lymph nodes & spleen; fight against foreign organisms
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| lymphocytopenia | deficiency of lymphocytes
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| lymphocytosis | increased numbers of lymphocytes in bloodstream
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| lymphoid organs | organs containing & derived from lymphatic tissue
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| spleen, thymus gland & lymph nodes are all | lymphoid organs
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| lymphopoiesis | formation of lymphocytes
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| macrophage | large phagocyte found in lymphatic & connective tissues; derived from monocyte
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| mediastinal node | lymph node in mediastinum
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| monoclonal antibody | antibody produced in lab to attack specific antigens
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| plasma cell | B cell lymphocyte that secretes antibodies
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| retrovirus | virus that makes copies of itself using host cell's DNA; reverse of normal replication mechanism in cells
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| HIV is | a retrovirus
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| right lymphatic duct | received lymph from right side of body & empties lymph into a vein in neck
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| spleen | organ in the LUQ, that produces, stores & eliminates blood cells
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| splenectomy | removal of spleen
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| splenomegaly | enlargement of spleen
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| supressor T cell | lymphocyte that inhibits activity of B & T cell lymphocytes
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| T cell | lymphocyte orginating in thymus gland & destroys antigens by direct action or production of cytokines
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| thoracic duct | large lymphatic vessel in upper chest
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| thymectomy | removal of thymus gland
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| thymus gland | lymphoid organ that produces T cell lymphocytes & aids in immune response
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| tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of back of mouth
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| toxic | pertaining to a toxin
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| toxins | poison or harmful substance
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| vaccination | introduction of vaccine to produce immunity
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| type of an acquired immunuty | vaccination
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| vaccine | weakened/dead antigen is administered to induce production of antibodies resulting in immunity
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| lymphatic system | complex network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs; transports proteins and excess tissue fluid that leak from the capillaries back to the venous blood
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| lymphatic vessels | absorb and transport fat from the small intestine to the general circulation
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| lymph is a | clear, watery liquid that is derived from the fluid surrounding the body's cells flowing through lymphatic vasculature
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| liquid portion of lymph contains | water, salts, sugar, proteins, lipids (fats), and metabolic wastes
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| Lymph also contains | a variety of white blood cells, or leukocytes, and is particularly rich in lymphocytes and monocytes
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| lymphatic vessels begin in | the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body
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| in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body fluid that has filtered out of blood capillaries flows into | single-layered vessels, or lymph capillaries
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| Networks of ___ are widely distributed throughout the body. | lymph capillaries
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| lymphatic system | complex network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs; transports proteins and excess tissue fluid that leak from the capillaries back to the venous blood
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| lymphatic vessels | absorb and transport fat from the small intestine to the general circulation
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| lymph is a | clear, watery liquid that is derived from the fluid surrounding the body's cells flowing through lymphatic vasculature
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| liquid portion of lymph contains | water, salts, sugar, proteins, lipids (fats), and metabolic wastes
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| Lymph also contains | a variety of white blood cells, or leukocytes, and is particularly rich in lymphocytes and monocytes
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| lymphatic vessels begin in | the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body
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| in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body fluid that has filtered out of blood capillaries flows into | single-layered vessels, or lymph capillaries
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| Networks of ___ are widely distributed throughout the body. | lymph capillaries
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| lymph is similar to | blood plasma
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| lymph is formed from blood plasma during | capillary exchnage
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| lymph eventually returns to the blood as part of the | venous flow
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| lymph does not rely on the ___ to pump it throughout the system | heart
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| lymph flows much ____ than blood | slower
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| lymph moves through vessels according to the | pressure gradient, skeletal muscle action, & repiratory movements
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| lymph also moves through vessels based on contraction of ___ & valves in vessel walls | smooth muscle
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| lymphatic vessels are similar to | veins
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| lymphatic vessels differ from veins because they are | thinner & have more valves inside of them
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| smaller lymphatic vessels merge into larger ones until they merge into the | right & thoracic lymphatic ducts
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| the right & thoracic lymphatic ducts empty into the | right & left subclavian veins
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| when lymph reaches the right & left subclavian veins it will then be added to the blood | flowing to the heart
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| lymph capillaries merge to form larger tubules | called lymph vessels
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| lymph vessels are greater in diameter & have thicker walls | than lymph capillaries
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| lymph from the RUQ drains into | the right lymphatic duct
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| lymph from all areas in the body, with exception to RUQ, empty into | the thoracic duct
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| the lymph from the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian at the point of | its juncture with the left jugular vein
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| lymph nodes vary | in size
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| lymph nodes act as a ___ removing invading organisms and noxious agents | filter
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| largest clusters of lymph nodes are found in the ____, ___, ___ & ___ regions | cervical; axillary; mediastinal; inguinal
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| lymph nodes are located in ___/___ in the nervous system | clusters; groups
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| what protects each lymph node? | fibrous capsule
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| fibrous capsule is | an outer shell of dense tissue around a lymph node
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| lymph nodules | compact clusters of lymphocytes within the nodes, and form the node's main structure
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| what are the 2 main functions of lymph nodes? | defense & white bell cell formation
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| lymph enters the nodes through what? | several affarent lymph vessels
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| lymph exists the nodes through what? | one efferent lymph vessel
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| once inside the node, lymph passes through nodal spaces called | sinuses
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| lymph sinuses are lined with specialized cells called | macrophages
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| the macrophages function is to | engulf & destroy infectious agents
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| during physical exercise, lymph flow | sunstantially increases, 10 to 15 fold
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| during a 24hr period ____ of lumph are pumped into the bloodstream | 3 liters
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| What serves as the first line of protection against germs that enter the body through the nose and mouth? | palatine tonsils & adenoids
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| the thymus gland lies | in the mediastinum
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| the thymus consists of two lobes that contain | lymphoid cells
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| in early development of the the thymus it learns | tolerance
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| tolerance, learned by the thymus, is defines as | learning to identify & accept the body's antigens
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| autoimmune disease occurs when this fails causing the immune system to attack its own antigens | recognition & tolerance
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| the thymus gland is largest and performs its most important work during | the prenatal & early childhood periods
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| the spleen is the largest of the | lymphatic organs
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| the spleen is shaped like a(n) | oversized lymph node
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| a fibrous capsule also surrounds | the spleen
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| venous sinuses of the spleen are called | red pulp
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| the red pulp of the spleen stores | large numbers of red blood cells
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| the white pulp of the spleen contains | lymphocytes
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| the serves as a valuable resiovior for | blood to be used when needed
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| the spleen filters blood and removes microbes, using | phagocytosis to destroy the microbes it filters
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| nongranular leukocytes complete maturation when the spleen assists with | hematopoiesis
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| the spleen also destroys aging red blood cells and the ___ in the hemoglobin is stored for future use | iron
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| function of the skin & mucous membranes as part of the immune system | generate secretions that help block entry of disease-causing, or pathogenic agents
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| if bacteria passes the immune system's first line of defense it will then call on | the inflammatory response or deploy specially sensitized cells to attack
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| the immune system is performed by lymphoid organs, lymphocytes, macrophages and | antibodies
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| the immune system has specially designed proteins | called antibodies
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| large pathogen-consuming cells found in various locations throughout the body are | called macrophages
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| various locations throughout the body to find macrophages include | brain, liver, blood, lymph nodes & spleen
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| natural immunity | present at birth, its development does not require exposure to an antigen
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| natural immunity results in a(n) ___ ___ ___ against any foreigh organism | non-specific defensive reaction
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| inflammation is characterized by | heat, redness, pain & swelling
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| inflammation helps to | contain infection
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| inflammation helps a return to normal by ____ the arrival of WBCs to the injured site | stimulating
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| the WBCs surround & destroy bacteria, via phagocytosis | neutrophils & macrophages
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| another set of lymphocytes that non-specifically attack tumor & virally infected cells by releasing cytokines | natural killer (NK) cells
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| acquired active immunity | results when presence of disease generates production of antibodies
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| antibodies created by acquired active immunity | provide protection from further infection
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| modified toxin capable of inducing antibody production is called | a vaccination
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| another way to acquire active immunity is through | a bone marrow transplant
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| acquired passive immunity | occurs when preformed antibodies are received to obtain protection from a disease
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| acquired passive immunity antibodies are not | produced internally
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| one example of acquired passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies | across the placental membrane
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| specific immunity | bodies ability to target particular microorganisms by means of a specific immune response
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| specific immunity is provided by | B & T cells
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| B & T cells are located in | the red bone marrow
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| originate from stem cells in the red bone marrow | both B & T cells
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| T cells travel from the red bone marrow | to the thymus, where they mature
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| once matured B & T cells circulate to various lymph organs, but particulary to | the lymph nodes & spleen
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| B cells do not attack ___ directly | pathogens
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| antibody-producing plasma cells are from the family of | immunoglobulins
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| some B cells, in the presence of an antigen, become | antibody-producing plasma cells
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| immunoglobulins were called what by the Greeks? | humors
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| humoral immunity | immunoglobulins carried by the blood & lymph
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| when an antigen is encountered the B cell with that antigen receptor will bind to it & proliferate to become | B memory cells
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| when an antigen is encountered the B cell with that antigen receptor will bind to it & activate to become | plamsa cells
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| plasma cells make antibodies that will ___ to the same antigen | bind
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| step 1 for B cells | recognize a specific antigen
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| step 2 for B cells | some B cells become plasma cells
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| step 3 for B cells | immunoglobulins react with antigens
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| when T cells are presented with foreign antigens, they become ___ & begin to multiply rapidly | sensitized
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| some of the sensitized T cells form | cytotoxic cells
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| participate directly with destruction of antigens | the cytotoxic cells
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| direct action of T cell lymphocytes | destroying foreign substances
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| cell-mediated immunity | immunity mediated by T lymphocytes, either through release of lymphokines or through causing cytotoxicity directly against unwanted substances
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| T cells also release ___ at site of infection to aid with antigen destruction by other cells | cytokines
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| subsets of T cells within a clone are | helper, suppressor, killer & memory T cells
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| helper, suppressor, killer & memory T cells serve a | regulatory function for specific immune mechanisms
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| T cell activity begins when | macrophage identifies an antigen, ingests it & transports it to a T cell sensitized to react with that antigen
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| the activated T cell divides repeatidly into a | clone
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| killer T cells | seek to destroy the antigen
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| helper T cells | stimulate the T & B cells enhancing the immune system
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| suppressor T cells | inhibit/stop immune response when antigen destroyed
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| memory T cells | remember encounter with antigen to respond if antigen present in the future
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| derived from monocytes | dendritic cells
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| dendritic cells are able to stimulate B&T cell response by ___ & presenting antigens to them | binding
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| denritic cells are able to be exposed, in a lab culture, to an antigen and then | infused into a patient
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| this plays a major role in specific immunity | T-cell lymphocytes
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| Hypersensitivity reactions vary in degrees based on | responsivness of host, amount & kind of allergen, route of entrance into body, timing of exposures & site of reaction
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| Anaphylaxis is a | life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction that occurs throughout the body
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| characterized by hypotension, shock, respiratory distress, and edema of the larynx leading to airway obstruction | Anaphylaxis
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