Macromolecules and the cell orgenelles
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| What are the basic features of a cell: | Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes.
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| What are two aspects of a prokaryotic cell? | Co not contain a nucleus, have their DNA located in a region called nucleoid--lakcs a membrane
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| Define Lipid: | Lipds are large biological molecules that do not consist of polymers
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| What are two characteristics of a lipid and an example: | Hydrophobic, and consists of hydrocarbons, like steroids
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| Fats: | Macromolecules assembled from smaller molecules via dehydration reactions.
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| What two components make up a fat? | Glecerol and Fatty acids
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| What is a glycerol? | Alcohol with three carbons with 3 oh groups
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| Fatty acid: | Chain of 16-18 carbons
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| Phospholipid: | Two fatty acids attached to glycerol whose third hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate with a negative charge
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| What happens when phosphollipids are added to water? | assemble into bilayers with a hydrophobic tail and hydrollitic heat.
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| What are four roles of proteins in a cell? | Tansport, speed up chemical reactions through enzymes, structural support, storage, and movement
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| What is the most important type of protein? | Enzymes
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| Proteins are made up of what? | Polymers made from 20 amino acids
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| Polypeptides: | Polymers of amino acids
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| Amino Acids are: | MOnomers possessing both carboxyl and amino groups, and differ in their properties depending on R groups
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| How are amino acids linked? | Polypeptide bonds
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| Primary Structure: | Unique sequence of amino acids in polyeptide
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| SEcondary: | folding or coiling of polypeptide into a repeating configuration
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| What is the coil in secondary structure? | a helix
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| what is the b pleated sheet? | two or more regions of polypeptide chain lying side by side connected by h-bonds
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| Tertiary: | 3D shape because of R groups
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| Quaternary: | aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits
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| Sickle cell disease | results from the slightest change in primary structure, hemoglobin molecules tend to crystalize, deforming RBC's
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| What 3 things determines protein conformation | Ph, Salt concentration, temperature
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| Chaperonins: | Proteins that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
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| What are the three functions of DNA? | 1) its own replication 2)RNA synthesis 3) Through RNA, controls protein synthesis
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| MRNA | conveys the gentic instruction from the nucleus to cytoplasm
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| Nucleic Acids: | macromolecules that exist as polymers that consists of monomers called nucleotides
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| What are the three parts of a nucleotide: | 1)Nitrogenous base, Pentose ring, phosphate group
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| What are the two famillllies of a nitrogenous base? | 1) Pyrimidines and purines.
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| What are pyrimidines made of? | Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
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| What're purines made of? | Adenine and guinine
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| Which is larger, purines or pyrimidines? | Purines are larger because they have a 5-ring to a 6 ring
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| How are nucleotides linked together? | Through polynucleotides, posphodiester linkages.
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| When four polypeptides exist with an alpha helix, the structures that exist are: | Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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| Under which of the following conditions would you expect fo find a cell with a prodominance of free ribosomes? | One that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes
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| What is the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system? | Rough ER--vesicles--golgi--plasma membrane
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| Which of the following cell components is not involved in secretion or synthesis? | Lysosome
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| Nucleus: | Houses DNA
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| Nuclear Envelope: | Encloses nucleus and seperates it from cytoplasm
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| Chromatin: | Complex of proteins and DNA
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| What is synthesized in the Nucleolus: | rRNA
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| Ribosomes: | Protein factories
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| Endomembrane system: | regulates protein trafficking and performs metabolic processes in cell.
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| The ER membrane is continuous with | the nuclear envelope
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| What are the functions of the Smooth ER: | Synthesized lipids, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium, detoxifies poison
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| What are the functions of the rough ER? | Produces proteins for secretion, acts as a membrane factory, folds proteins, modifies proteins, makes membrane phospholipids
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| What are the functionsGolgi Apparatus? | A center for manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping
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| What are the functions of a golgi apparatus? | Modifies products of ER
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| What do the CIS and trans ends imply? | CIS--receiving, TRANS---Shipping
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| What are the functions of the GOLGI? | 1)Modifies products of ER, 2)Manufactures macromolecules
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| What are Lysosome functions? | digest macromolecules
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| How do they complete their functions? | Phagocytosis--engulfing materia by macrophages, carry out hydrolysis
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| What are the three types of vacuoles? | Food, contractile, central
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| What are food vacuoles? | formed via phagocytosis
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| How are contractile vacuoles formed? | pump excess water out of cells
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| Central vacuole: | Hold reserves of organic compounds and water
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| Mitochondria and chloroplasts--similarities? | Have free ribosomes and DNA
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| Mitochondria: | Generates ATP
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| Chloroplasts: | Plants and algea, photosynthesis
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| What are the two internal compartments of the mitochondria? | Intermembrane space--between inner and outer membrane and Mitochondrial matrix--enclosed by the inner membrane
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| What are the two components of a chloroplast? | Thylakoids and stroma.
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| What are thylakoids? | Flattened membranous sacs; a granum
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| What are stroma: | Fluid outside thylakoids which contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes
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| What are the functions of peroxisome? | Use oxygen to break down fatty acids for the mitochondria to use as fuel, and detoxify alcohol in liver
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| What makes up the cytoskeleton? | Microfillaments, intermidiate fillaments and microtubules
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| What does the cytoskeleton do? | Give mechanical support for cell to maintain shape, and involved in movement
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| Microtubules: | Seperate chromosome copies in dividing cells.
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| Centrosome: | Region where microtubes grow out
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| Centrioles: | Located in centrosome and found in pairs, and help organize microtuble assembly
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| Flagella and Cilia: | Locomotive appendages
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| Cilia: | Usually occur in large numbers on the cell suface
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| Flagella: | Longer than cilia
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| How do cilia and flagella differ? | beating patterns
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| What kind of pattern does the cilia and flagella have? | 9+2 pattern
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| What is responsible for the bending movement of cilia and flagella? | Dynein proteins
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| Microfilaments: | Twisted double chain of actin subunits
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| Functions: | Pulling forces, motility, transporting materials across membrane in intestinal cells
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| What are the functions of the intermediate filaments? | Support cell shape and fix organelles in place
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| What are the components of the extracellular matrix? | Glycoproteins--secreted by cells, most abundant in collagen, proteoglycans--embedded in a network of proteins
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| What are the ECM funtions? | Support, adhesion, movement, regulation--send messages from proteins on outside to inside
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| Intercellular junctions: | plasma membrane that allow for cells to bind to each other to communicate
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| Plasmodesmata: | Channels that perforate plant cell walls
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| What are the three types of intercellular junctions? | Tight, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
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| Tight junctions: | membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed
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| Desmosomes: | Desmosomes--fasten cells together in strong sheets
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| Gap Junctions: | Provides channels from cell to cell
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