final review
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| Topography | The shape of land. Can be sloping, hilly or mountainous
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| How is the topography of an area determined | by elevation, relief, and landforms.
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| Landform | The feature of topography formed by the processes that shape earth's surface.
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| Landform region | Large area of land of land where the topography is similar
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| 3 types of landforms | plains, mnts., plateaus
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| mountain | A landform with high elevation and high relief.
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| mountain range | Group of mnts. that are closely related in shape, structure, or age
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| plateau | Landform that has high elevation and a more or less level surface
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| Scientists divided earth into 4 spheres: | Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere
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| Core | Center of the earth
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| mantle | Thick layer that surrounds the core
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| crust | thin outer layer
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| geology | study of earth
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| map | model on a flat surface
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| globe | sphere that represents earth's entire surface
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| scale | represents distance on a map to distance on earths surface
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| symbols | to stand for features on earth's surface
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| key | group of symbols used on the map with an explanation of their meaning
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| equator | diveds earth into Northern and southern hemispheres
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| hemisphere | one half of the sphere that makes up earth's surface
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| equator | half way between the north and south pole
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| hemisphere | one half of the sphere that makes up earths surface
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| prime meridian | imaginary line that makes a half circle from the north pole to the south pole through Greenwich, England.
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| degree | 1/360 of the way around a full cirlcle
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| what can you use to find locations on earth | lines of latitude and longitude
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| starting point for measuring latitude | equator
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| map projection | framwork of lines that helps to show landmasses on a flat surface
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| pixels | satellite image made up of thousands of tiny dots
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| information gathered sinse 1970 | revolutionized mapmaking
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| How are maps made | powerful computers use satellite data
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| Satellite images | pictures of the earths surface based on data
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| digitizing | The process by which mapmakers convert the location of map points to numbers
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| GPS | Global positioning system
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| What is global positioning system is a method used for | finding latitude, longitude, and elevation of points of earth's surface using network of satellites
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| How do mapmakers represent elevation, relief, and slopes on topogrpahic maps | contour interval
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| element | composed of a single kind of atom
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| luster | term used to describe how minerals reflect light from it's surface
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| density | always remains the same
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| cleaveage | split apart easily
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| fracture | breaks apart
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| element | sbstance composed of a single atom
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| crystal | repeating pattern of mineral's particles forms a solid
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| compound | when two or more elements are combined
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| mixure | when two or more substances that are miced together but not chemically combined
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| fluoresence | ultraviolet light
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| Mohs hardness scale | ranks minerals from softness to harness
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| Crystallization of melted materials, and crystallization of materials dissolved in water | Ways minerals can form
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| vein | narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is sharply different from the surrounding rock
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| solution | mixture which one substance dissolves in another
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| source to make metals, gemstones and other material used to make many products | minerals
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| a rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral is often called | An ore
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| 3 types of mines | strip, open-pit and shaft
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| what is necessary to remove the metal from the ore | smelting
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| what is obseved when studying a rock | color, texture, and mineral composition
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| results from the size, shape, and pattern of a rocks grain | texture
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| Metamorphic rock | formed when existing rock changed by heat, pressure or chemical reactions
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| How or igneous rocks classified | origin, texture, and mineral composition
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| instrusive rock | when magma hardens beneath the earths surface
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| porphyritic texture | This is created by large crystals scattered on a background of much smaller crystals
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| Erosion | occurs when running water or wind loosen and carry away fragments of rock.
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| Deposition | The process which sediment settles out of the water or wind carring it
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| Campaction | presses sediment together
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| Cementation | dissoved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together
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| clastic rock | sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together
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| organic rock | forms from the remains of plants and animals
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| Chemical rock | forms when mineral theat are dissolved in a solution crystallize
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| coral reef | skeletons that grow together and form a structure
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| Atoll | ring shaped coral island found far from land
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| Limeston | Can be found on continents in places where uplift has riased ancient sea floors above sea level
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| What can change rock into metamorphic rock | heat and pressure
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| How do scienctist classify metamorphic rocks | grains that make up the rock
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| What produces a rock cycle that builds, destroys and changes the rocks in the crust | Forces inside earth and at the surface
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| Pressure | force pushing on a surface or area
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| Outer core | layer of molton metal that surrounds the inner core
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| Inner core | dense ball of solid meal
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| How are seismic waves produces | by eathquakes
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| Crust, mantle and core | 3 main layers of earth's interior
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| heat transfer | movement of energy from a warmer object to a coller object
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| radiation, conduction, and convection | types of heat transfer
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| Density | a measure of how much mass there is in a volume
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| conduction | heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter
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| convection | transfer of heat by the movement of a heated fluid
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| convection current | flow that transferes heat within a fluid
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| What was Alfred wegeners hyposthesis | That all continents had once been joined together in a single landmass
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| Could Wegener provide a satisfactory explanation for the force that pushes or pulls the continents | No
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| Did Wegner name the supercontinent, Pangaea. | Yes
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| Pagngaia means | all lands
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| Does the term SEA FLOOR SPREADING continuesly add new material to the ocean floor | yes
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| Subduction | process by which the ocean floor singks beneath a deep ocean trench and back into the mantle, over tens of millions of yrs.
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| Plates | Lithosphere broken into separate sections
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| Faults | breaks in the earths crust where rocks have slipped past each other
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| rift vally | deep vally forms along the divergent boundary
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| convergen boundary | The place where two plates come together
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| divergent boundary | The place where two plates move apart
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| transform boundary | where two plates slip past each other
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| plate tectonics | geological theory, states that pieces of earth's lithosphere are in constan slow motion
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| Earthquake | shaking and trembling, caused by movement of rock beneath the earth
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| stress | force that acts on rock to change it's shape or volume
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| deformation | change in shape or volume
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| shearing | pushes rock in two opposite directions
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| Tension | pulls on the crust, stretching rock
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| normal fault | one block lies above the fault while the orther block lies below
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| hanging wall | The block that lies above the fault
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| footwall | the block that lies below the fault
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| reverse fault | the hanging wall slides upward past the footwall
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| Over millions of years, fault movement can change a flat plain into a towering block of mtn. True or False? | True
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| Faults do not usually occure along plate boundaries. True or False | False
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| Plateau | large area of flat land elevated high above sea level
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| 3 types of waves | P, S, and surface
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| Mercalli scale | used to rate earthquakes by describing their effects on people, buildings and land surface in a given location
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| seismographs | Instrument used to measure and record vibrations of seismic waves
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| moment magnitude scale | rates earthquakes according to the size of seismic waves as measured by mating the total energy released
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| Tsunami | Large wave
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| What is the best way to protect yourself in a earthquake | drop, cover, and hold
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| Liquefaction | loosened soft soil into liquid mud
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| volacano | weak spot in the crust
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| lava | liquid magma
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| vent | where magma leaves the volcano
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| Active volcanoe | erupting or signs of eruption
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| hot springs | this forms when groundwater heated by magma and collected in a pool
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| geothermal energy | this provides clean relieble energy provided by water heated by magma
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| calder | huge hole
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| dike | this forms when magma foreces itself across rock layers and hardens
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| sill | forms when magma squeezes between layers
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| batholith | when a large body of magma cools inside the crust,
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| cinder | steep cone shaped mountain
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| shield volcano | layers of hardened lava with wide gently sloping mtn
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| mechanical weathering | type of weathering that breaks rock into pieces by freezing and thawing.
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| Chemical weathering | process athat breaks down rock through chemical changes
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| Some rocks are permable which means | means that it is full of air spaces that allow water to seep through it
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| loam | made up of clay, sand, silt
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| subsoil | usually consist of clay and other particles washed down from the A horizon
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| litter | leaves that shed form a loose layer on the ground
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| decomposers | breaks the remains of dead organisms into smaller pieces and digest
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| soil horizon | layer of soil that differs in color and texture
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| Bedrock | solid layer of rock beneath the suface
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| soil conservation | mangament of soil to prevent it's destruction
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| 3 uses that change the land | argiculture, development, and mining
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