med term ch8
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| absence seizure | a small seizure in which there is a sudden temporary loss of consicous lasting only a few seconds
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| acetylocholine | a chemical substacne in the body tissues that faciliates the transmissions of nreve impulses from one nerve to another
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| afferent nerves | transmitters of nerve impluses toward the CNS; also known as nerevs
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| agnosia | loss of mental ability to understand sensory stimuli (sucah as sight,sound,or touch) even through the sensory organs themseleves are funtioining properly
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| agraphia | the inability to convert one's thought into writing
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| aura | the sensation an indivdual experiences prior to the onset of a migraine headache or an epileptic seizure
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| ataxia | without muscular coordination
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| astrocytoma | a tumor of the brain or spinal cord composed of astrocytes
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| astrocyte | a star-shaped neurogial cell found in the CNS
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| arachnoid membrane | the weblike middle layer of the three membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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| apraxia | inability to perform coordinated movements or use pbjects properly
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| aphasia | inability to communicate through speech,writing, or signs, because of an injury to or disease in certain areas of the brain
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| aneurysm | a localized dilatation in the wall of an artery that expands with each pulsation of the artery; usually casued by hypertension or arthrosclerosis
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| anesthesia | without feeling or sensation
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| analgesia | without sensitivity to pain
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| alexia | the inability to understand written words
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| cerebral concussion | a brief interruption of brain function, usally with the loss of consicous lasting for a few seconds
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| cerebellum | the part of the brian responsible for coordinating voluntary muscular movement; located behind the brain stem
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| cephalalgia | pain in the head; headache
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| central nervous system | one of the two main divisons of the nervous system, consisting of the brain and the spinal cord
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| cell body | the part of the cell that contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm
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| causalgia | a sensation of an acute burning pain along the path of a peripheral nerve,sometimes accompained by erythema of the skin
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| cauda equina | the lower end of the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves that occupy the spinal canal below the level of the first lumbar vertebra
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| burr hole | a hole drilled into the skull using a form of drill
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| brudzinski's sign | a positive sign of meningitis, in which there is an involuntary flexion of the arm, hip,and knee when the patients neck is passivley flexed
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| brain stem | the stemlike portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemisphere with the spinal cord
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| bradykinesia | abnormally slow movement
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| blood-brain barrier | a protective charactersitic of the capillary walls of the brain that prevents the passage of harmful substances from the bloodstream into the brain tissue or CSF
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| axon | the part of the nerve cell that transports nereve impluses away from the nerve cell body
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| autonomic nervous system | the part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary vital functions of the body, such as activites involving the heart muscles
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| demyelination | destruction or removal of the myelin shealth that covers a nerve or nerve fiber
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| dementia | a progressive irreversible mental disorder in which the person has deteriorating memory,judgement and ability to the think
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| deflict | any deficieny or variation of the normal, as in a weakness deficit resulting from a cerebrovascular accident
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| cranitomy | a surgical incision into the cranium or skull
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| convolution | one of the many elevated folds of the surface of the cerebrume; also called a gyrus
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| contracture | a permanent shortening of a muscle causing a joint to remain in an abnormallyflexed position, with resultant physical deformity
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| comatose | pertains to being in a coma
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| coma | a deep sleep in which the individual cannot be aroused and does not respond to external stimuli
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| cheyne-stokes respiration | an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by periods of apena followed by deep rapid breathing
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| cerebrum | the largest and uppermost part of the brain, it controls concisousness,memory,sensations,emotions, and voluntary movements
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| cerebrospinal fluid | the fluid flowing through the brain and around the spinal cord that protects them from physical blow or impact
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| cerebral cortex | the thin outer layer of nerve tissue; known as gray matter, that covers the surface of the cerebrum
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| cerebral contusion | small scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain; better described as a "brusie" of the brain tissue occuring when the brain strikes the inner skull
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| gray matter | the part of the nervous system consisting of axons that are not covered with myelin sheath; giving a gray apperance
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| ganglion | a knotlike mass of nerve tissue found outside the brain or spinal cord
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| gait | the style of walking
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| fontanelle or fontanel | a space covered by tough membrane between the bones of an infants cranium; called a "soft spot"
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| fissure | a deep groove on the surface of an organ
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| epilepsy | a neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of sudden brief attacks of seizures
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| epidural space | the space immediately ouside the dura mater that contains a supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissuesd
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| embolism | an abnormal condition in which a blood clot (embolus) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood within the vessel
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| efferent nerves | transmitters of nerve impulses away from the CNS; also known as motor nerves
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| dysphasia | diffuclt speech
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| dyslexia | a condition characterized by an impairment of the ability to read
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| dura mater | the outermost of the three membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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| diplopia | double vision; also called ambiopia
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| diencephalon | the part of the brian located between the cerebrum and the midbrain
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| dendrite | a projection that extends from the nerve cell body
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| medulla oblongata | one of the three parts of the brain stem
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| longitudinal fissure | a deep groove in the middle of the cerebrum that divides the cerebrum into the right and left hemisphere
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| lethargy | a state of being sluggish
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| kinesiology | the study of muscle movement
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| kernig's sign | a diagnostic sign for meningitis marked by the persons inability to extend the leg completely when the thigh is flexed upon the adbomen and the person is sitting or lying down
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| interneurons | connecting nerouns that conduct impulses from afferent nerves to or toward motor nerves
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| echoencephalography | ultrasound used to analyze the intracranial structures of the brain
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| electroencephalography (EEG) | measurment of electrical activity produced by the brain and recoreded through electrodes placed on the scalp
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| lumbar puncture | invloves the insertion of a hollow needle and stylet into the subarachnoid space, generally between the 3 and 4 lumbar vertebrae below the level of the spinal cord under strict aseptic terchnique
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | is a noninvasive procedure that provides visualization of fluid, soft tissue, and bony strcutures without the use of radiation
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| myelography | is the indroduction of contrast medium into the lumbar subarachoid space through a lumbar puncture in order to visualize the spianl cord and vertebral canal through x-ray examination
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| neurectomy | is a neurosurgical procedure to relieve pain in a localized or small area by incision or cranial or peripheral nereves
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| pneumoencephalography | is used to radiographically visualize one of the ventricles or fluid-occupying spaces in the CNS
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| polysomnogram (PSG) | is a sleep study or sleep test that evaluates physical factors affecting sleep
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| postion emission tomography (PET scan) | produces computerized radiographic images of various body structures when radioactive substances are inhaled or injected
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| romberg test | is used to evaluate cerebellar function and balance
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| sterotaxic neurosurgery | is performed on a precise location of an area within the brian that controls specific function(s) and may involve destrcution of brain tissue with various agents such as heat,cold and sclerosing or corrosive fluids
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| sympathectomy | is a surgical procedure used to interrupt a portion of the sympathetic nerve pathway for the purpose of relieving chronic pain
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| tractotmy | involves a craniotomy, through which the anterolateral pathway in the brain stem is surgicall divided in an attempt to relieve pain
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| transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | is a form of cutaneous stimulation for pain relief that suppiles electrical impulses to the nerve endings of a nerve close to the pain site
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| ventricul/o | ventricle of the heart or brain
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| ton/o | tension, tone
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| thec/o | sheath
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| -sthenia | strength
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| -praxia | perform
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| -plegia | paralysis
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| -phasia | speech
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| -paresis | partial paralysis
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| neur/o | nerve
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| narc/o | sleep
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| myel/o | spinal cord or bone marrow
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| -lexia | reading
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| -lepsy | seizure, attack
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| mening.o | meanings
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| kinesi.o | movement
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| -kinesia | movement
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| gli/o | neuroglia or gluey substance
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| esthesii/o | feeling , senesation
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| -esthesia | sensation of feeling
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| encephal/o | brain
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| crani/o | skull, cranium
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| cerebr/o | cerebrum
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| cerebell/o | cerebellum
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| brady- | slow
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| -algia | pain
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| alges/o | sensitivty to pain
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| -algesia | sensetivity to pain
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| an- | without, not
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| a- | without,not
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