Pharmacology Quiz #1
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| True/False: The reaction to pain is a subjective experience | TRUE
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| What is substance P? | The neurotransmitter for pain
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| Definition: medications used to relieve pain | Analgesics
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| What are the 2 most important receptors in pain management? | Mu + Kappa
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| What are the drugs of choice for moderate to severe pain? | Opioids
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| How are Opioids classified? | Effectiveness
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| What 2 categories are opiates placed in? | strong + moderate
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| Definition: the standard against which the effectiveness of every other opioid is compared | representative drug
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| What opioid agonist is the representative drug used to treat severe pain? | morphine
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| Drug action: suppress cough, slow GI motility, sedation, euphoria | Morphine
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| What is the most dangerous side effect of Opioid Agonists? | respiratory depression
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| Codeine, Oxycodone, Propoxyphene are all common opioid agonists with _________ effectiveness | moderate
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| Demerol, Dilaudid and Duramorph are all common opioid agonists with ___________ effectiveness | high
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| What 2 classes of drugs work synergistically to relieve pain? | opioids + non-narcotic analgesics
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| What non-narcotic analgesic is used the most in combination with an opioid? | acetaminophen (Tylenol)
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| What do Vicodin, Percocet and Darvocet all have in common? | combinations with acetaminophen
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| Definition: substances that prevent the effects of opioid agonists | opioid antagonists
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| What analgesic category is used to treat an opioid overdose or respiratory depression? | Opioid Antagonist
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| Naloxone (Narcan) is an opioid_________. | antagonist
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| What is the drug of choice in an acute opioid overdose? | Narcan
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| What is important to remember when reversing the effects of opioids? | patient may experience rapid loss of analgesia and feel pain
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| __________ inhibit cyclooxygenase. | NSAIDs
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| cyclooxygenase is an enzyme that inhibits ___________. | prostaglandins
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| What is the drug of choice for mild-moderate pain? | NSAIDS
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| A high dose of NSAIDS can increase the risk of what? | heart attack + stroke
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| What is an adverse effect of NSAIDS? | GI bleeding/irritation
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| What is a side effect of Celebrex? | Heart Attack
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| Celecoxib (Celebrex) | selective COX-2 inhibitor
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| Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and Naproxen Sodium (Aleve) | Non Selective
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| Why were many of the COX-2 inhibitors removed from the market? | Cardiovascular reasons
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| What is the most common analgesic used for relief of slight-moderate pain? | Aspirin
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| __________ inhibit platelet aggregation. | Aspirin
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| What is a side effect of Aspirin? | GI bleeding
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| True/False: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is an anti-inflammatory agent. | False: anti-pyretic
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| What is the maximum Tylenol dosage in a day? | 4 grams
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| What is the most common kind of headache? | tension headache
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| What is one of the most common complaints of patients? | Headache
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| What is the most painful type of headache? | migraine
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| Definition: characterized by throbbing or pulsating pain, sometimes proceeded by an aura | migraines
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| What are the 2 primary goals for pharmacology therapy of a migraine? | Stop + Prevent
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| sumatriptan | Imitrex
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| Definition: stimulate serotonin receptors which constricts certain vessels within the brain in order to stop migraine | Triptans
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| What are Ergot Alkaloids used for? | patients unresponsive to triptans
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| Ergot Alkaloids are a pregnancy category___. | X
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| What is the action of headache medications? | vasoconstriction
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| what drug class prevents migraines? | Beta Blockers
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| Definition: group of neurotransmitters released from neurons in CNS | endogenous opioids
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| __________ opioids block the release of substance P in the spinal cord | Endogenous
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| What are the 2 basic categories of analgesics? | Opioids + Non-opioids
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| Definition: medications used to relieve pain | analgesics
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| Definition: substances that produce analgesia and CNS depression | Narcotics
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| popoxyphene hydrochloride | Darvon
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| hydromorphone hydrochloride | Dilaudid
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| meperidine hydrochloride | Demerol
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| Morphine sulfate | Duramorph
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| What are the benefits of combination medications? | lower dose, less side effects, no addiction
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| oxycodone | Percocet
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| popoxyphene napsylate | Darvocet
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| Salicylates | Aspirin
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| clonidine | Catapres
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| tamadol | Ultram
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| Catapres + Ultram | centrally acting non-opioid drugs
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| Imitrex is a type of ________. | Triptan
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| The nervous system is divided into what 2 systems? | CNS + Peripheral
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| Definition: consists of brain + spinal cord | CNS
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| The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into 2 divisions? | Motor(somatic) + Autonomic
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| Definition: voluntary control over skeletal muscles | Motor (Somatic)
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| Definition: involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle/glands | Autonomic
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| The autonomic system is divided into 2 sub-systems? | Sympathetic + Parasympathetic
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| Fight or Flight | Sympathetic
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| Rest + Digest | Parasympathetic
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| Definition: junction between neurons | synapse
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| What are the 2 primary Neurotransmitters? | Norepinephrine +Acetylcholine
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| Sympathetic nerves | Adrenergic
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| Parasympathetic nerves | Cholinergic
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| Beta blocker that affects the heart? | Beta1
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| Beta blocker that affects the lungs | Beta2
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| What are the 2 receptor subtypes of Acetylcholine? | nicotinic + muscarinic
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| Sympathomimetics | adrenergic agents
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| Parasympathomimetics | cholinergic agents
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| Sympatholytics | adrenergic blockers
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| Anticholinergics | cholinergic blockers
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| ________ agents are used for their effects on the heart, bronchial tree and nasal passages | adrenergic
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| albuterol (Proventil) stimulates beta2 receptors in the _____. | lungs
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| What is the disadvantage of nonselective agents? | more side effects
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| Definition: stimulate more than 1 type of receptor | nonselective
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| Definition: stimulate one receptor | selective
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| pseudoephedrine (__________ )stimulates alpha + beta receptors | Sudafed
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| phenlyephrine | Neo-Synephrine
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| dobutamine | Dobutrex
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| dopamine | Inotropin
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| albuterol | Proventil
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| epinephrine | Adrenalin
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| isoproterenol | Isuprel
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| norepinephrine | Levophed
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| salmeterol | Serevent
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| What are adrenergic blockers used to primarily treat? | HTN
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| What is the most widely used class of autonomic drugs? | adrenergic blockers
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| A direct acting cholinergic agent used to reduce intraocular pressure? | Pilocarpine
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| A direct acting cholinergic agent used to stimulate the smooth muscle of the bowel or urinary tract after anesthesia? | Bethanechol
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| _________ acting agent inhibits acetlcholinesterase (the breakdown of Ach) | Indirect
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| bethanechol | Urecholine
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| pyridostigmine | Mestinon
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| _________ is a cholinergic agent used to treat myasthenia gravis. | Mestinon
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| What are anti-cholinergic agents primarily used for? | Asthma + Dry secretion
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| What are the side effects of Anticholinergic agents? | Dry mouth, constipation,urinary retention, tachycardia
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| __________ is an anticholinergic agent used to dry secretions prior to anesthesia. | Atropine
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| _________ is an anti-cholinergic agent used to treat asthma. | Atrovent
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| __________ is an anti-cholinergic agent used to treat IBS + motion sickness | Hyoscine
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| Definition: disorder characterized by recurrent seizures | Epilepsy
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| Definition: involuntary violent spasms of the large skeletal muscles | Convulsions
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| Definition: disturbances of electrical activity in the brain caused by abnormal/uncontrollable neuronal discharges | Seizures
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| Some ant seizure medications may _________ effectiveness of oral contraceptives during pregnancy | decrease
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| Antiseizure meds are pregnancy category____ | D
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| How long is seizure medication withdrawn? | 6-12 weeks
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| What is the goal of an anti-seizure medication? | to suppress neuronal activity JUST ENOUGH to prevent abnormal or repetitive firing
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| High concentrations of sodium,calcium and chloride located________the cell. | outside
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| High concentrations of _________ inside the cell. | potassium
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| What are the 3 mechanisms for ant seizure drugs? | 1. Stimulating chloride 2. Delay sodium 3. Delay calcium
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| What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? | GABA
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| What 2 drug classes intensify GABA action? | Barbiturates + Benzodiazapines
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| Benzodiazepines are used for _______ control. | short term
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| What drug is used to treat status epilepticus? | Diazepam (Valium)
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