biotest3
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| anatomy | study of structure and form
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| physiology | study of function
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| 4 major categories of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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| where would you find epithelial tissue? | covers surface and lines bodies cavities
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| 3 shapes of epithelial cells | squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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| loose connective tissue | loose collagen fibers that hold tissues and organs in place
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| fibrous connective tis. | denser ropes of collagen fiber that comprise ligaments and tendons
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| cartilage | rubbery matrix of collagen that cushions the bones.
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| adipose connective tissue | comprised of fat cells, used for enegry and insulation
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| bones | collagen in a matrix of calcium, serve as rigid framework for body
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| blood | RBC and WBC in matrix= plasma. blood transports materials such as nutrients, waste, gas, denfense proteins thoughout the body
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| 3 muscle tissues | skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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| ______ and _______ are involuntary | smooth and cardiac
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| lining the organs of the body is | smooth muscles
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| attached to the bones is | skeletal muscle tissue
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| 2 types of cells found in nervous tissue | neurons- signal transmissionglial cells- care takers that nurish, insulate and prune away dead neurons
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| what is the schwann cell | type of glial cell that increases the speed at which a singla passes through a neuron. contains myelin(insulator), forcing electric signal to jump over schwann cell
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| 4 steps for food processing | 1. ingestion 2. digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination
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| where does ingestion occur | oral cavity
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| list 3 sites of digestion | 1. oral cavity2. stomach3. small intesting
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| digestion of starches in amylase | oral cavity
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| digestion of protein by pepsin | stomach
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| further digestion of starch by panceratic amylase and proteins by trypsin and chemotrypsins, digestion of fats with bile, and lipase, digestion of nucleic acids by nucleases | small intestine
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| 2 sites of absorption | nutrient absorption- small intestinewater absorption- large intestine
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| buffers (component of saliva) | neutralize acidity
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| antibacterials (component of saliva) | defense against potential pathogens
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| amylase (component of saliva) | break down starches
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| what are 3 components of gastric juices | HCL,Mucous, Pepsinogen/ Pepsin
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| HCL does | breaks down cells and acts as another defense against pathogens
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| Mucous | Protects stomach lining from HCL
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| Pepsinogen/ Pepsin | breaks down proteins
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| Pepsinogen is an _____ form of pepsin | inactive
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| Activating pepsin only when needed _____ the chances of the stomach being digested by its own enezymes | decreases
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| What are protective mechanisms to prevent the stomach from digesting itself | Pepsinogen/ Pepsin
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| what makes up eliminated waste material from the digestive tract | dead bateria, and undigestable fiber
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| what is bolus | food that has been chewed, mixed with saliva and swallowed
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| what is acid chyme | bolus travels to stomach and mixes with gastric juices become chyme
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| why is oxy. required by the body | for cellular resp. which occurs in mitochondria
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| where does the carbon dioxide we exhale come from | carbon dioxide is realeased by mitochondria as a waste product from cellular respiration
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| what are the necessary characteristics of a respiratory surface for efficient gas diffusion | thin and moist
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| describe movement of oxygen as it diffuses through the alveoli all the way to its utilization in cellular respiration | oxygen diffuses through the alveoli and into capillaries of the circulatory system. The oxy. binds to the hemoglobin in the RBC. The oxy. is then releases and diffuses out of the cap. and into body cells to be used in mitochondria.
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| carbon dioxide diffuses in 3 places | plasma, picked up by hemoglobin in RBC, and into aqueous portion of RBC's
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| after carbon dioxide is diffused then what | carbon reacts with water to from carbonic acid. The carbonic acid then splits into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
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| where is the bicarbonate released | into plasma
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| The bicarbonate contains | the carbon dioxide that was realsed into the aqueous portion of the RBC
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| when the bicarbonate reaches the interface between ______ and _______, bicarbondate reenters the ____ and recombines with hydrogen ions to from water and carbon dioxide | blood capillaries and alveoli, RBC
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| after bicarbonate recombines with hydrogen ions then carbon dioxide is now | diffuses into the alevoli along with the carbon dioxide in the plasma and the carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin.
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| 3 functions of hemoglobin | 1. transports oxy 2. transports carbon dio. 3. buffers blood by binding hydrogen ions
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| how many oxy molecules can a single hemoglobin carry | 4
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| what binds to the iron atom within the hemoglobin | oxygen
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| what occurs during hyperventiliation | taking in too much air. too much oxygen is taken in. blood ph inccreases
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| if blood of PH increases what happens | the pons and medulla wil ceases sending signals to appropriate muscles to contract and breathing ceases until blood PH drops
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| 3 innate defense mechanisms | 1. anibact in saliva 2. HCL in stomcach 3. hairs that line the nasal passages
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| innate defense mechanisms are always | on
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| simple stain | uses one dye to color all the cells
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| differential stain | uses two dyes to distinguish between different microbial groups or cell parts
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| staining is necessary because | cells are primary water
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| gram stain | used to distinguish between two major groups of cells. gram post. and neg. based on differences in cell wall strucutre
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| acid fast stain | used for certain genera such as mycobacterium
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| mycobacterim are considered | gram positive; however their cell wall has a waxy lipid component that makes regular gram staining difficult
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| AFS decolorization soultion contins | HCL
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| endospore stain | differential stain technique distinguishes vegetative cells from endospores
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| gram stain 4 steps | 1. apply primary stain (crysital violet) to cells on slide2. apply morant (Grams Iodine) to slide3. decolorize with alochol/acetone4. apply counterstain (safranin)
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| capsule stain | negative stain; acidic dye is used
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| Mycoplasma | lacks a cell wall
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| mycobacterium has | a cell wall which contains a waxy lipid component
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| what is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis | clarithromycin
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| what is a heterotroph | acquires carbon from a substrate
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| autotroph | has the capacity to create its own organic source
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| why are nitrogen and phosphorous important | essential for protein and nucleic acid synthesis
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| do all |
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Created by:
Mollie28
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