Test 3
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| Determines if the disorder is inflammatory or noninflammatory | ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)C-reactive protein
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| detects antibodies present w/ rheumatoid arthritis | RF (rheumatoid factor)
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| evaluates for anemia, infection or inflammation | CBC (complete blood count)
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| may indicate bone tumor & healing fractures | Elevated alkaline phosphatase level
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| may indicate Paget's disease (disease characterized by excessive bone destruction & disorganized repair) & metastatic cancer | Elevated acid phosphatase level
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| May indicate osteomalacia (rickets), osteoporosis & bone tumors | Decreased serum calcium
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| may indicate bone tumor & healing fracture | increased serum phosphorus level
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| may indicate gout | elevated serum uric acid level
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| may indicate lupus erythematosus (connective tissue disorder) | elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) level
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| most commonly used for knee joint, arthroscope-internal inspection of a joint using arthroscope, need to be NPO, need consent form | Arthroscopy
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| can be done same time as arthoscopy, aspiration of synovial fluid | Arthrocentesis
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| radiographic exam of a joint (shoulder or knee) w/ use of a contrast medium | Arthrogram
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| Estimates bone density: pt w/ osteoporosis. radiography of wrist, hip or spine to determine bone mineral density | Bone Densitometry
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| uses intravenous injection of a radio-nuclide to detect uptake of the radioactive substance by the bone. detects metastatic bone lesions, fractures & certain types of inflammatory disorders | Bone Scan
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| Test electrical potential of the muscle & nerves leading to muscle, done to differentiate muscle & nerve problems: usually done w/ back surgery | electromyography
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| detects levels of uric acid & calcium excretions | 24hr urine
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| aspirated & examined to diagnose disorders such as traumatic arthritis, septic arthritis, gout, rheumatic fever & systemic lupus | synovial fluid analysis
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| Degenerative Joint Disease, most common form of arthritis | Osteoarthritis
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| affected leg must be kept in a position of abduction to prevent dislocation no greater than 45 degrees | Replaced Hips
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| CPM goal of 90 flexion | Replaced Knees
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| Chronic progressive inflammatory disease, systemic disorder of connective tissue & joint | Rheumatoid Arthritis
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| Result is loss of bone mass makes the pt more susceptible to fractures | Osteoporosis
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| measures bone mineral density of the spine & hip | DEXA
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| treated w/ percutaneous vertebroplasty | spinal compression fractures
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| painful metabolic disorder involving an inflammatory reaction in joint, usually affects the feet | Gout
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| Severe dieting or starvation, excessive ingestion of purines, heredity | Primary Hyperuricemia
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| abnormal purine metabolism, increased rate of protein synthesis w/ overproduction or under-excretion of uric acid | Secondary Hyperuricemia
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| scleroderma | progressive systemic sclerosis
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| spasm of the digital arteries w/ blanching & numbness or pain in fingers: red, white, blue | Raynaud's Phenomenon
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| inflammation of the bursa, a fluid filled sac that cushions bone ends to enhance a gliding movement | Bursitis
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| elbow, shoulder, & knee | common sites for bursitis
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| connective tissue disorder, may be autoimmune & has heredity tendencies | Ankylosing Spondylitis
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| Tick bites, Borrelia burgdorferi, results in chronic inflammatory process & multi-system disease | Lyme disease
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| Infection in the bone, formation of new bone around devitalized bone tissue, difficult to treat | Osteomyelitis
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| Autoimmune, antibodies destroy connective tissues, affected structures undergo inflammation, fibrosis, scarring & dysfunction, butterfly | lubus erythematosus
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| kidney failure | proteinuria/hematuria
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| chronic bone disorder characterized by abnormal bone remodeling, affects long bone, spine, pelvis & skull | Paget's Disease
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| deformity of the great toe at its matatarsophalangeal joint | hallux valgus/bunions
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| flexion deformity of the interphalangeal joint & may involve several toes | hammer toe
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| inflammation of a tendon cased by overuse | tendonitis
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| group of symptoms located in the wrist where the carpal bones, carpal tendons & median nerve pass through a narrow, in-elastic canal | Carpul Tunnel Syndrome
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| Tennis elbow, pain that radiates down the dorsal surface of the forearm & a weak grasp | Epicondylitis
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| a cystic mass that develops near tendon sheaths & joints in the wrist | ganglion
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| usually result of misplaced or overgrown clusters of normal bone or cartilage cells that cause the structure to enlarge & impair function | Benign Bone Tumors
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| Primary tumors include osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma & fibrosarcoma. most common site is lungs | Malignant bone Tumors
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| pain, tingling, burning or itching | phantom limb
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| breaks fun along a slant to the length of the bone | oblique
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| splintered into fragments | comminuted
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| breaks coils around the bone | spiral
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| incomplete fracture, common in children | greenstick
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| one bone fragment if forcibly wedged against another bone fragment | impacted
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| fracture that remains contained, does not break the skin | simple
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| fracture in which damage also involves the skin or mucus membranes | compound
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| fracture in which bone has been compressed as seen in vertebral | compression
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| pulling away of a fragment of bone by a ligament or tendon & its attachment | avulsion
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| fracture in which fragments are driven inward as seen in skull & facial bone fractures | depressed
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| fracture that occurs through an area of diseased bone, can occur w/out trauma or a fall | pathologic
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| grating sound of bone ends moving over one another | crepitus
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| occurs immediately after a fracture along w/ edema. in 48-72 hours, hematoma forms btwn 2 broken ends of a bone | Stage 1
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| hematoma does not reabsorb. instead other cells enter the clot & granulation tissue forms becoming firm & making a bridge btwn 2 broken ends | stage 2
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| end of first week, granulation tissue turns into callus which is made up from cartilage, osteoblast, calcium & phosphorus | stage 3
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| within 2-3 weeks, woven bone forms, ends of the broken bone begin to knit | stage 4
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| excess bone is naturally chiseled away by stress to the affected part from motion, exercise & weight bearing | stage 5
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| condition in which fat globules are released from the marrow of the broken bone into the blood stream, lodge in capillaries of the lung & obstruct blood flow | fat embolism
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| venous stasis, vessel damage & altered clotting mechanisms may all contribute to the formation of blood clots | deep vein thrombosis: Virchow's Triad
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| once bone cells are deprived of oxygen & nutrients, they die & the cell walls collapse | avascular necrosis
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| improper alignment of the bone ends resulting in external deformity | malunion
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| fractures never heals | nonunion
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| failure of the fracture to heal in the expected time | delayed union
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| fracture of the foot, ankle or distal tibia or fibula | short leg cast
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| fracture of the distal femur, knee or lower leg | long leg cast
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| fractures of the femur, acetabulum or pelvis | hip spica cast
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| fracture of the wrist of hand | short arm cast
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| fracture of the forearm, elbow or humerus | long arm cast
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| exerts a pulling force on a fracture extemity to provide alignment of the broken bone fragments, decreases muscle spasms, aids w/ pain relief | traction
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| provides a strong steady pull & can be used for longer periods of time: gardner-wells, crutchfield, vinke tongs & halo vest | skeletal traction
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| breaks in distal radius, usually when an outstretched hand is used to break a fall | colles' fracture
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| motor vehicle accidents are most common cause in young adults where falls are the most common in older adults, heal w/in 6-8 wks | Fracture of Pelvis
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| sudden and severe chest pain & shortness of breath | pulmonary embolism
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| weakness, slurred speech, & confusion | stroke
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| severe CP, jaw pain, irregular pulse, chest pressure | MI
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| internal or external pressure on the affected area | Compartment syndrome
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| can be caused by bleeding or edema into a compartment | internal pressure
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| can be caused by a cast or tight dressing | external pressure
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| within 4-6 hrs irreversible muscle damage may occur, partial paralysis can occur in 24 hrs, complete paralysis can occur in 24-48 hrs | compartment syndrome
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| process of bringing the ends of the broken bone into proper alignment | reduction
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| nonsurgical realignment of the bone; done w/ traction, angulation, rotation or a combo of these | closed reduction
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| surgical procedure where the bones are realigned, done for commuted fractures or open fractures | open reduction
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| an attempt to attach the fragments of the bone together when the reduction alone is not reasible because of the type & the extent of the break | fixation
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| includes the use of rods, pins, nails, screws, or metal plates to align the bone fragments & keep them in place for healing | internal fixation
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| similar to internal fixation but the pins in the bone are attached to an external frame | external fixation
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| initially cast is hot, then becomes damp & cool | plaster of paris
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| weights must hang freely | traction
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