Neuroanatomy
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| histology | the study of tissue structure
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| gross neuroanatomy | anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye
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| neurophysiology | teh study of the life processes of neurons
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| chemical neuroanatomy | the distribution of key chemicals, such as transmitters and enzymes, within the structure of the nervous system
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| neuropharmacology | also called psychopharmacolgy. The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior
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| neuron doctrine | the hypothesis that the brain is composed of seperate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and fuctionally
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| synapse | a celluar location at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another
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| glial cells | also called glia, or neuroglia. nonneural brain cells that provide stuctural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain
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| mitochondrion | a celluar organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell's processes
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| cell nucleus | the spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes
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| ribosomes | structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated. (proteins are produced)
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| dendrite | one of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron
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| input zone | the part of the neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. Usually correspondsto the cell's dendrites
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| cell body or soma | teh region of the neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus
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| integration zone | the part of the neuron that intitates nerve activity if the sum of all inhibitory and exciatory postsynaptic potentials exceeds a threshold value. Usually corresponds to the neuron's axon hillock
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| axon | a single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons.
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| conduction zone | the part of the neuron over which the nerve's electrical signal may be actively propagated. Usually corresponds to the cell's axon
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| axon terminal | the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target.
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| output zone | the part of the neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell's electrical activity is conveyed to another cell.
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| multipolar neuron | a nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon
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| bipolar neuron | a nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end.
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| monopolar neuron | a nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends i two directions: one end is the receptive pole, the other end the output zone.
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| motoneuron | also called motor neuron. A nerve cell in the spinal cord that transmits motor messages from the spinal cord to muscles
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| sensory neuron | a neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch.
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| interneuron | a neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron; it receives input from and sends output to others neurons
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| astrocyte | a star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extentions) that run in all directions.
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| microglial cells | also called microglia. Extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells
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| myelin | the fatty insulation around an axon, formed by accessory cells, that improves the speed of conduction of nerve impulses.
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| myelination | the process of myelin formation
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| node of Ranvier | a gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.
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| multiple sclerosis | literally "many scars" a disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin.
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| oligodendrocyte | a type of glial cell that is commonly associated with nerve cell bodies
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| Schwann cell | the accessory cell that forms myelin in the perpheral nervous system.
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| edema | teh swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury.
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| arborization | the elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons
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| presynaptic | referring to the region of teh synapse that releases neurotransmitters.
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| postsynaptic | referring to the region of the synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter.
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| presynaptic membrane | the specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information from a presynaptic neuron.
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements
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| synaptic vesicle | a small, spherical structure that contains the molecules of synaptic transmitter.
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| neurotransmitter | also called synaptic transmitter, chemical transmitter, or simply transmitter. The chemical released formt he presynaptic azon terminal, that serves as the basis of communication between neurons.
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| receptor | also called receptor molecule. A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone.
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| dendritic spine | an outgrowth along the dendrite of a neuron.
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| neural plasticity | also called neuroplasticity. The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment.
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| axon hillock | a cone-shaped area from which the axon orginates out of the cell body.
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| axon collateral | a branch of an axon form a single neuron.
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| innervate | to provide neural input.
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| axonal transport | the transportation of materials form the neuron cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body.
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| peripheral nervous system | the portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.
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| central nervous system | the portion of the nervous system that includes teh brain and the spinal cord.
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| nerve | a collection of axons bundled together outside the central nervous system.
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| cranial nerve | a nerve that is connected directly to the brain.
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| spinal nerve | also called somatic nerve. A nerve that emerges form the spinal cord.
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| autonomic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs.
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| dorsal roots | the branch of a spinal nerve, entering the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, that carries sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord.
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| ventral root | the branch of a spinal nerve, arising form the ventral horn of the spinal cord, that carries motor messages form the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system.
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| cervical | referring to the topmost 8 segments of the spinal cord, in the neck region.
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| thoracic | referring to the 12 spinal segments below the cervical (neck) portion of the spinal cord, corressponding to the chest.
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| lumbar | referring to the 5 spinal segments that make up the upper part of the lower back.
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| sacral | referring to the 5 spinal segments that make up the lower part of the lower back
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| coccygeal | referring to the lowest spinal vertebra (also known as the tailbone).
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| autonomic ganglia | collections of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, that are found in various locations and innervate the major organs.
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| preganglionic | "before the ganglion" referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.
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| postganglionic | "after the ganglion" referring to the neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run form the autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body.
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| sympathetic nervous system | one of two systems that compose the autonomic nervous system. Arises from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.
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| sympathetic chain | a chain of ganglia that runs along each side of the spinal column; part of the sympathetic nervous system.
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| parasympathetic nervous system | one of two systems that compose the autonomic nervous system. Arises form both the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord.
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| enteric nervous system | an extensive meshlike system of neurons that governs the functioning of the gut.
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| cerebral hemispheres | the right and left halves of the forebrain.
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| frontal lobe | most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex
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| parietal lobes | large regions of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes of each cerbral hemisphere.
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| temporal lobes | large lateral cortical regions of each cerebral hemisphere, continous with the parietal lobes posteriorly, and seperated from the frontal lobe by teh sylvian fissure.
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| occipital lobes | large regions of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere.
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| sylvian fissure | a deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe.
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| central sulcus | a fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
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| cerebral cortex | teh outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres
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| postcentral gyrus | teh strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body.
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| precentral gyrus | the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control.
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| corpus callosum | the main band of axons that connect the two central hemispheres.
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| white matter | a shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths.
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| gray matter | areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin.
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| neural tube | an embryonic structure with subdivisions that corresponds to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
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| forebrain | also called prosencephalon. The frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerbral hemisphers, teh thalamus, and the hypothalmus.
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| midbrain | also called mesencephalon. The middle division of the brain.
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| hindbrain | also called rhombencephalon. The rear division of teh brain, which, in teh mature vertebrate, contains teh cerbellum, pons, and medulla.
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| telencephalon | the frontal subdivision of the forebrain that includes the cerebral hemispheres when fully developed.
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| diencephalon | the posterior part of the forebrain, including the thalmus and hypothalmus.
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| metencehphalon | a subdivision of teh hindbrain that includes the cerebellum and the pons.
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| cerebellum | a structure located at the back of teh brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement.
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| pons | a portion of the metencephalon.
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| myelencephalon or medulla | the caudal part of the hindbrain.
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| brainstem | the region of the brain that consists of the midbrainm, the pons, and the medulla
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| nucleus | here, an anatomical collection of neurons within teh central nervous system (e.g. the caudate nucleus).
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| tract | a bundle of axons found within the central nervous system.
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| basal ganglia | a group of forebrain nuclei (caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen) found deep within the cerebral hemispheres.
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| caudate nucleus | one of teh basa ganglia; it has a long extension or tail.
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| putamen | one of the basal ganglia.
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| globus pallidus | one of the basal ganglia.
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| substantia nigra | a brainstem structure in humans that is related to the basal ganglia and named for its dark pigmintation.
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| limbic system | a loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network.
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| amygdala | a group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe.
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| hippocampus | a medial temporal lobe structure that is thought to be important for learning and memory
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| fornix | a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to teh mammillary body.
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| cingulate gyrus | a cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline.
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| olfactory bulb | an anterior basal structure that receives olfactory (smell) imputs from the nasal cavaties.
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| mammillary body | one of a pair of nuclei at the base of the brain.
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| thalmus | the brain regions that surround the third ventricle.
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| hypothalmus | part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalmus.
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| superior colliculi | paired structures on the dorsal surface of teh midbrain, rostral to the inferior colliculi, that receive visual information.
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| inferior colliculi | paired structures on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, caudal to the superior colliculi, that receive auditory informaiton.
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| tectum | the dorsal portion of the midbrain, including the inferior and superior collculi.
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| red nucleus | a brainstem structure related to motor control.
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| resticular formation | an extensive region of the brainstem (extending from teh medulla through the thalmus) that is involved in arousal.
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| purkinje cell | a type of large nerve cell in the cerebeller cortex.
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| granule cell | a type of small nerve cell.
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| parallel fiber | one of the axons of the granule cells that form teh outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex.
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| isocortex (or cortex) | cerebral cortex that is made up six distinct layers. (formerly referred to as neocortex)
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| allocortex | brain tissue with three layers or unlayerd organization.
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| pyramidal cell | a type of large nerve cell that has roughly pyramid shaped cell body; found in the cerebral cortex.
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| apical dendrite | the dendrite that extends from a pyramidal cell to the outermost surface of the cortex.
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| basal dendrite | one of several dendrites on a pyramidal cell that extend horizontally from the cell body.
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| coritcal column | one of the veritcal columns that constiute the basic organization of ths isocortex.
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| meninges | the three protective sheets of tissue--dura mater, pia mater, and arachoid--that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| dura mater | the outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and the spinal cord.
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| pia mater | the innermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| archnoid | the thin covering (one of the three meninges) of the brain that lies between the dura mater and pia mater.
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| cerbrospinal fluid (CSF) | the fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles.
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| meningitis | an acute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
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| ventricular system | a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain
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| lateral ventricle | a complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain.
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| choroid plexus | a highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrosphinal fluid.
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| third ventricle | teh midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventrciles to the fouth ventricle.
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| fourth ventricle | the passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid form the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| carotid arteries | the major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of the neck to the brain.
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| anterior cerebral arteries | two large arteries, arising form the internal carotids, that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.
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| middle cerebral arteries | two large arteries, arising form the internal carotids, that provide blood to most of the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.
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| vertebral arteries | arteries that ascend the vertebrae, enter the base of the skull, and join together to form basilar artery
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| basilar artery | an artery, formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, that supplies blood to the brainstem and to posterior portions of teh cerebral hemispheres.
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| posterior cerebral arteries | two large arteries, arising from the basilar artery, that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem.
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| circle of Willis | a structure at the base of the brain that is formed by the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries.
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| stroke | damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region.
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| blood-brain barrier | the mechanisms that make the movement of substances from capillaries into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs.
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| angiogram | a specialized X-ray image of the head, taken shortly after the cerebral blood vessels have been filled with a radiopaque dye by means of catheter.
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| computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT) | a noninvasive technique for examining brain structure in humans through computer analysis of X-ray absorption at several positions around the head.
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | a noninvasive technique that uses magnetic energy to generate images that reveal some structural details in the living brain.
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| positron emission tomography (PET) | a technique for examining brain function by combining tomography with injections of radioactive substances used by the brain.
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| functional MRI (fMRI) | magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task.
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| optical imaging | a method for visualizing brain activity in which near-infrared light is passed through the scalp and skull.
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| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | localized, noninvasive stimulation of cortical neurons through the application of strong magnetic fields.
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| magnetoencephalography (MEG) | a passive and noninvasive functional brain imaging technique that measures the tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons, in order to identify regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task.
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Created by:
Doublefault84