Block 1 - Micro 22 - Pathogenesis of Medically Important Parasites - 10/16/2009
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| How many people die from Malaria each year? | 1.5-2.7 million
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| What are Apicomplexa? | The Apicomplexa are a large group of protists, most of which possess a unique organelle called apicoplast and an apical complex structure involved in penetrating a host's cell
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| What are the six steps of Malaria inside the human host | Sporozoites injected during mosquito feeding Invade liver cells Exoerythrocytic schizogony (merozoites) Merozoites invade RBCs Repeated erythrocytic schizogony cycles Gametocytes infective for mosquito
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| What is the life cycle of Malaria within a mosquito? | Gametocytes infective for mosquito Fusion of gametes in gut Sporogony on gut wall in hemocoel Passes through gut wall Sporozoites invade salivary glands
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| What is the species of mosquito that transmits Malaria? | Anopheles
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| What stage of malaria is injected by the mosquito into a human host | sporozoites
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| What do the malarial trophozoites ingest and what is the diagnostic sign that this has occured? | hemoglobin, thus resulting in hemozoin or the build up of residual heme iron, which is crystalized in the RBC. This results in a darker pigmentation of the RBC.
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| How soon after infection will symptoms of Malaria develop | 8 days to months depending upon the type of Plasmodium (Falciparum is the most rapid)
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| What are the symptoms associated with malaria | Flu like symptoms, anemia, paroxysms of chills, sweats, fever occurring in a cyclic pattern which matches with the RBC lysis and release of merozoites
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| How often does fever peak for: Plasmodium Falciparum Plasmodium Vivax Plasmodium Malariae | Plasmodium Falciparum - Every 24 hours Plasmodium Vivax - Every other day Plasmodium Malariae - Every three days
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| Cerebral malaria is caused most commonly by _______ | Plasmodium Falciparum. This results in capillary plugging and a loss of red cell flexibility
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| Which of the following a male and which is female? Microgametocyte Macrogametocytes | Microgametocytes (male) Macrogametocytes (female)
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| What is the Gametoctye activating factor for malaria in mosquitos | Xanthurenic acid
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| What are the two primary pathological effects of the Acanthamoebas | Acanthamoeba Keratitis: A rare disease where amoebae invade the cornea of the eye. Granulomatous Amebic Meningoencephalitis: Over 100 cases of (GAE) caused by Acanthamoeba have been documented.
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| What are the symptoms of an Acanthamoeba infection? | Foreign body sensation, severe ocular pain, photophobia and blurred vision.
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| How is Acanthamoeba typically contracted? | Through improper contact use
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| What are the diffrent stages of the Wuchereria bancrofti life cycle | -Mosquito ingests microfilariae -Microfilarae grow into juveniles which are injected into human host -Juveniles develop to adults in lympatic system -Breed -Birth Microfilariae
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| Which is larger for Wuchereria bancrofti, the male adult worm or the female? | The female is larger - male worms are 1½ inches long - females are 2-4 inches long
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| What is a common disease associated with Wuchereria bancrofti infection? | Elephantiasis - the clogging of lymph vessels and the consequential build up of fluid in the extracellular space
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| What are the three levels of filariasis disease? | incubation, acute (inflammatory), and obstructive (chronic) incubation - asymptomatic to low grade fever acute - inflammation as a result of the female worm birthing microfilariae obstructive phase - blocking of lymph vessels by dead worms
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| How does one contract Ascaris Lumbricoides? | Consuming the eggs contained within the fecal leaving of an infected individual (dirt, or on plant matter)
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| What is the life cycle of Ascaris Lumbricoides? | -The egg is consumed -immature worms hatch from the eggs in stomach -The larvae are carried to the lungs and then to the throat where they are swallowed. -In the intestines it develops into adult -Adult female worms lay eggs that are passed in feces.
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| What percent of Ascariasis are symptomless? | 85%
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| What is the definitive host and intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus? | Definitive - dogs and other canidae Intermediate Host - Sheep, Goats, Swine, humans
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| What is the major pathology associated with infection by either Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis | hydatid cysts
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| Which is more deadly Eichinococcus granulosus or Eichinococcus multilocularis | E. multilocularis E. multilocularis produces a more serious condition than E. granulosus as the smaller hydatid cyst becomes more irregular, filled with connective tissue and gelatinous masses, they grows like a malignant metastatic tumor
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