GEOL 118 UIUC fall 2005
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volcanism & CO2 | Add CO2 and ash
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical weathering & CO2 | Remove CO2 and add it to ocean
🗑
|
||||
| Burning fossil fuels & CO2 | burning of any carbon-based fue add CO2
🗑
|
||||
| Photosynthesis & CO2 | using light energy plants convert CO2 gas into food (chemical) energy
🗑
|
||||
| End of Mesozoic/beginning of Cenozoic | Warm interval because of volcanism
🗑
|
||||
| Cenozoic ______ | Earth cooled due to plate tectonics/weathering/plants
🗑
|
||||
| Atmosphere composition & climate | volcanism=cooling
🗑
|
||||
| Sun intensity & climate | sunspots and surface reflectivity
🗑
|
||||
| Variations in Earth's orbit + spin/rotation & climate | (eccentricity + tilt + precession)= mild summers less ice melting
🗑
|
||||
| Distribution of land + water masses (plate tectonics control) & climate | If continents are located over polar latitudes, can develop continental glaciers due to colder temperatures
🗑
|
||||
| Ocean circulation & climate | If warm, equatorial waters are prevented from circulating to polar latitudes, those areas will get much colder
🗑
|
||||
| Mountains & climate | high altitude = colder temperature + > chance of mountain glaciers
🗑
|
||||
| estuaries | semi-enclosed bodies of mixed fresh + salt water that attract many organisms
🗑
|
||||
| Waves - origin + properties | mechanical energy moving through water, Wave size = f (wind velocity, duration of wind activity, distance over which wind blows).
🗑
|
||||
| crest | top of wave
🗑
|
||||
| trough | lowest point;
🗑
|
||||
| wave length | horizontal distance from crest to crest
🗑
|
||||
| wave height | vertical distance from crest to trough
🗑
|
||||
| wave period | amount of time for one complete wavelength to pass given point.
🗑
|
||||
| Waves with long L + large P | are most powerful + erosive.
🗑
|
||||
| Wave refraction | bending of wave fronts as one part of wave reaches shallow water (velocity <) before another part.
🗑
|
||||
| Berm | flat zone
🗑
|
||||
| beach face | more steeply sloping area below berm;
🗑
|
||||
| Offshore bar | underwater ridge of wave-deposited sediment (where waves break).
🗑
|
||||
| Spit | finger-like ridge of sediment that extends into deeper water; due to longshore currents,
🗑
|
||||
| Barrier islands | elongate, low relief, very long (up to 100 km) islands of sand parallel to coast;
🗑
|
||||
| Sea cliffs | wave erosion can undermine cliff, causing landslides.
🗑
|
||||
| Global rise in sea level & erosion | sea level rose through last century by 2 - 3 mm per year due to global warming.
🗑
|
||||
| Dams & erosion | Dam construction traps sediment before it reaches coastline. Many of America's rivers have been dammed, therefore > sediment
🗑
|
||||
| Seawalls | protect land behind wall from wave energy, but commonly fail because wave energy comes around sides + is reflected downwards
🗑
|
||||
| Groins | wall of concrete, rock, wood, or sandbags built perpendicular to beach to trap moving sand + widen beach.
🗑
|
||||
| Jetties | pair of long groins that protect harbor channel from sedimentation. Because of size, jetties completely cut off longshore sediment transport, problem of upcurrent deposition
🗑
|
||||
| Breakwater | offshore wall parallel to coast, to absorb wave energy + provide quiet water for harbors. Problem = quiet water means deposition occurs + endless cycle of dredging or sediment bypass begins
🗑
|
||||
| Velocity | water speed
🗑
|
||||
| Where is max velocity? | Maximum velocity is in river center, just below surface
🗑
|
||||
| Discharge | volume of water passing point over period of time
🗑
|
||||
| longitudinal profile | river elevation vs. distance along flow direction
🗑
|
||||
| Heavy rain & floods | water runs quickly over land into river rather than infiltrating into ground, where it moves slowly.
🗑
|
||||
| Rapid snow melt & floods | heavy snow + then quick warming causes large input of water directly into rivers because ground is still frozen + resists infiltration
🗑
|
||||
| Coastal storm surge & floods | ffects coastal areas, winds blowing onshore plus tremendous rainfall amounts
🗑
|
||||
| Upstream (flash) flood | typical of flood in mountain rivers; brief but severe flood usually due to sudden intense rainstorm (also from dam failure), floodwaters rise + then fall rapidly. Affects small areas + can be devastating.
🗑
|
||||
| Downstream flood | large meandering river spreads over floodplain; due to prolonged rainfall (+ snow melt) over large area; water levels rise more slowly but it takes longer for them to fall.
🗑
|
||||
| Channelization | involves changing channel characteristics (straightening, deepening, widening, clearing debris of channel, or lining channel, e.g., with concrete)
🗑
|
||||
| Floodway | transports floodwaters away from populated areas.
🗑
|
||||
| Dam/Reservoir | blocks flow of river + creates reservoir, which can be filled during heavy rainfall
🗑
|
||||
| Artificial levees | Human-made walls of sand + mud built along sides of channel to > height of riverbank
🗑
|
||||
| Floodwalls | concrete river channel walls
🗑
|
||||
| stony meteorites | resemble igneous rocks of Earth's mantle
🗑
|
||||
| carbonaceous chondrites | type of stony meteorite with round blebs of rock,
🗑
|
||||
| ron (metallic) meteorites | resemble Earth's core,
🗑
|
||||
| meteoroid | piece of rock or metal floating in space (on collision course with Earth).
🗑
|
||||
| meteor | (shooting star) = very small (commonly ~1 mm, but ~always <1 m) pieces of rock or metal that vaporize (due to frictional heating) upon entering Earth's atmosphere.
🗑
|
||||
| asteroid | usually, but not always large (dust-size - ~1,000 km) piece of rock or metal that is usually in orbit around Sun
🗑
|
||||
| Asteroid belt | Gravitational attraction of nearby Jupiter disrupts asteroids from regular orbit, causing them to crash into each other.
🗑
|
||||
| Comets | bright objects consisting of dust + frozen gases (mostly loose snow, i.e., frozen H2O but also NH3, CH4, CO2, + CO), similar in composition to outer planets,
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
melissaunicorn