Weathering, Soil and Mass Movement
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| weathering | The chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface.
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| erosion | The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves weathered rock and soil.
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| mechanical weathering | The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces.
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| abrasion | The grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind.
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| Frost wedging | Process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, then freezes and expands.
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| chemical weathering | The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes.
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| permeable | Characteristic of a material that is full of tiny, connected air spaces that water can seep through.
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| soil | The loose, weathered material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow.
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| bedrock | The solid layer of rock beneath the soil.
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| humus | Dark-colored organic material in soil.
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| loam | Rich, fertile soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt.
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| soil horizon | a layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers above or below it.
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| topsoil | Mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of soil.
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| subsoil | The layer of soil beneath the topsoil that contains mostly clay and other minerals.
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| litter | The loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems on the surface of the soil.
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| decomposers | Soil organism that breaks down the remains of organisms and digests them.
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| soil profile | a vertical section through a soil showing its succession of horizons and the underlying parent material.
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| pedalfer | soil of humid regions characterized by the accumulation of iron oxides and alumnium rich clays in the B horizon.
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| soil conservation | The management of soil to prevent its destruction.
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| contour plowing | Plowing fields along the curves of a slope to prevent soil loss.
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| conservation plowing | Soil conservation method in which the dead stalks from the previous year's crop are left in the ground to hold the soil in place.
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| pedocal | soil associated with drier regions and characterized by an accumulation of calcium carbonate in the upper horizons.
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| sediment | Earth materials deposited by erosion.
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| deposition | Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.
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| mass movement | Any one of several processes by which gravity moves sediment downhill.
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| laterite | a red, highly leached soil type found in the tropics that is rich in oxides of iron and aluminum.
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| exfoliation | Type of weathering caused by reducing pressure on a rock surface, allowing slabs of outer rock to break off in layers.
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| talus | an accumulation of rock debris at the base of a cliff.
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| regolith | the layer of rock and mineral fragments that nearly everywhere covers Earth's surface.
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| Rock fall | occurs when rocks or rock fragments fall freely through the air; common on steep slopes.
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| Rockslide | occurs when a mass of rock slides rapidly downslope along planes of weakness.
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| slump | movement of a mass of rock and soil, move down together as one, occurs on a curved surface.
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| mudflow | rapid downhill movement of a mixture of water, rock and sand ￢ﾀﾓ consistency of wet concrete - often occur after heavy rains but like landslides can be triggered by earthquakes.
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| earthflow | most destructive, rapid form of erosion ￢ﾀﾓ may not only move rock and sediments but trees, plants, roads, whatever is in the way.
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| creep | very slow downhill movement of rock and soil (regolith). Only noticeable by looking at objects such as trees, telephone poles ￢ﾀﾓ all at a tilt.
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| Slides | Rockslides occur when a block of bedrock suddenly slides down a flat, inclined surface
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