University of Montana - Hydrology FOR385
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| Hypsometric analysis | 3-D picture - what percentage of watershed above or below specific elevation - disequilibrium.
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| Drainage density | total length of streams / watershed area
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| Albedo | shortwave reflectivity of terrestrial objects / surfaces
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| Water potential | the energy state of water
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| Influent second order stream | 2 smaller 1st order streams join to form it
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| Time of concentration | the time required for the entire watershed to contribute runoff at the outlet, or specifically, the time it takes for water to travel from the most distant point on the watershed to the outlet.
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| Consumptive use | water diverged for human use and water lost to evapotransporation.
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| Trellis drainage pattern | characteristic of folded mountains. rivers form in trellis like shapes and connect at 90 degree angles.
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| Sinuosity | Pattern of meanders - way for stream to adjust its slope. Sinuosity = L/La
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| Vapor pressure deficit | difference between vapor pressure of unsaturated air mass and the saturation vapor pressure of that air mass.
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| Chinook | air mass associated with warm dry air moving down slope (on the rain shadow side).
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| Return period | how often an event will occur based on its magnitude
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| Bifurcation ratio | # of streams of one order / # of streams of the next highest order
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| Hygroscopic nuclei | small particles in atmosphere that water particles condense upon. it is also the second requirement for precipitation.
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| Hydrogen bond | weak bonding in water resulting from polarity of water molecule and attraction of slightly positive H's to slightly negative O's give water its unique properties.
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| Shortwave radiation | solar origin - < 4 micrometers - hot radiation
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| "Tipping bucket" | recording gauge used for precipitation measurements catches 0.2 mm of rain accumulates bucket tips and triggers sensor which makes a mark in data logger.
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| Latent heat of vaporization | energy required to change 1g substance from liquid. For H2O = 85 @ 20 C.
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| Acre-foot | 43560 ft cubed water
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| Nick point | point of dis-equilibrium in long profile.
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| Isohyete | contour interval of equal precipitation drawn on a map
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| Adiabatic process | air mass rises, air pressure decreases + air mass expands, cooling it because of less molecular collisions, only when no energy exchange w / surrounding air. Increase in elevation decrease in temperature.
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| Extremes in temperature are found in geographic areas with lots of water | true
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| Air temperature has little influence on air's ability to hold water vapor. | false
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| 1 degree C = 1 degree K = 1 degree F | False
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| In a normally distributed population, the mean=median=mode. | True
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| Precipitation intensity is inversely related to the rate of atmospheric lifting. | False
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| Little of the earth's topography is older than the Tertiary and most of it no older than the Pleistocene. | True
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| Stratus clouds are indicators of atmospheric stability. | False
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| An "Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve" represents a climatic signature unique to a geographic area. | True
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| The "standard error of the mean" is a measure of dispersion among a set of sample means. | True
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| Inversions exist when cold air overlies warm air. | False
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| Low pressure areas are associated with rising air and cloudy skies. | True
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| The size of a sample depends largely on the variability in the population being sampled and on the desired level of precision. | True
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| The vapor pressure over ice is greater than the vapor pressure over water at the same temperature. | False
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| Wet air is less dense than dry air. | True
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| The geomorphic pressures that operated in the past are operating today but perhaps with different intensity. | True
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| Perhaps the best measure of a watershed's response and something that a road system effectively increases. | Drainage density
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| An atmospheric process where pressure, volume and temperature change simultaneously without gaining or losing heat to the environment. | Adiabatic Process
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| The time it takes for water to travel from watershed extremities to the mouth of the watershed and generate peak stream flow. | Time of concentration
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| A recording rain gauge that may be used for measuring precipitation intensity | Tipping gauge
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| The ratio of the number of streams in one order to the number of streams in the next higher order. | Bifurication Ratio
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| A stream gains water from ground water and is the product of a first and a second-order tributary. | 2nd order stream
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| When found in a surveyed long profile of a stream, usually indicate dis-equilibrium. | Nick point
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| A channel that has recognizable bed and banks that flows "most of the time" | intermittent stream
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| A convienient and commonly used measure of water volume. An average of nearly 30 million of them leave Montana every year. | Acre/FT
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| The ratio of Thalweg length to the valley length | Sinuosity
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| The amount of energy released when condensation takes place | Latent heat of vaporization
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| The drainage pattern often observed on hard geologic substrates that seemingly produces a random location of stream channels - like in the northern Rockies. | Dendriti
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| Depicts the relationship between the magnitude of events and either the associated probability or recurrence interval. | Frequency analysis
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| The type of bond formed between liquid water molecules which give water some of its unusual properties. | Hydrogen bonds -- (Dipole)
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| Water Law (Doctrine) generally found east of the 100th meridian. | Riparian Doctrine
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| A graph that depicts the percentage of watershed area that is at various elevations | Hypsometric
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| Calculates mean watershed precipitation using perpendicular bisectors drawn on a map separating adjacent rain gauges. | Thiessan polygon method
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