Neroanatomy
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| Medulla, what's its location? | Most caudal subdivision of the brainstem. Divided into Rostral and Caudal.
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| Medullary Pyramids | On ventral surface of the medulla, contains the tracts of the corticospinal and corticobulbar systems
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| What Cranial nerves run through the Medulla | CN IX - XII
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| What artery provides blood supply to the medulla? | Vertebral aretery
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| What other structures are found in the rostral medula | Contains the inferior olives and medullary pyramids
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| What order nuclei for the somatic sensory pathways are located in the medula? | Second order
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| The second order nuclei of what system that interprets pain and temp to the face is located in the caudal medula? Name that nuclei | Spinal Trigeminal System; Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal complex
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| Anterior Cerebral Artery | Supplies blood to the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres (frontal and parietal lobes). Runs through the lateral fissure.
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| Middle Cerebral Artery | Supplies blood to the lateral surface of the frontal and parietal lobes and the superior temporal lobe
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| What major artery do the middle and anterior cerebral arteries branch from? | Internal carotid
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| What major artery does the posterior cerebral artery branch from? | Vertebral or basilar arteries
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| Posterior Cerebral Artery | Supplies blood to the occipital lobes
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| Anterior choroidal aretery | Supplies the choiroid plexus of the lateral ventricles. Also supplies the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamus, and part of the globus plallidus.
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| Posterior communicating artery | Connects the middle cerebral artery and the posterior cerebral artery
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| Anterior communicating artery | Connects the two divisional tracts of the anterior cerebral artery (the anterior cerebral artery remember supplies the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres therefore needs to branch into 2 tracts)
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| Anterior Spinal Artery | Supplies the anterior 2/3rds of the spinal cord, supplying the spinothalamic tract and the corticospinal tract.
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| Posterior Spinal Artery | Supplies the posterior 1/4rd of the spinal cord and supplies the dorsal horn and the dorsal columns
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| Pons | Middle aspect of the brainstem, superior to the medulla.
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| What vetricle is associated with the Pons? | Fourth
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| Which cranial nerves are located in the Pons? | CN V-VII
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| Which somatic sensory system's decussation point is located in the Pons? | The second order nuclei of the trigeminal principal mechonosensory system decussate at the pons
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| What are the two somatic sensory systems associated with the pons? | Trigeminal principal mechanosensory system and the spinal trigeminal system
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| What structures are located in the pons that allow communication with the cerebellum? | superior, middle, inferior peduncles
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| Superior cerbellar peduncle | Carries information from the cerebellum to the midbrain and thalamus; Error message to the brain fixing the discrepancy between what the brain wants to do and what the body is doing.
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| Middle cerebellar peduncle | Axons from the pons to the cerebellum. Receiving information from the cerebral motor cortex. (what the brain wants to do)
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| Inferior cerebellar peduncle | receiving proprioception information from the spinocerebellar system (which makes up the inferior peduncle) (what the body is doing)
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| Cerebral Peduncle | either of two large bundles of nerve fibers passing from the pons forward and outward to form the main connection between the cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cord
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| Cerebullum | Attached to the brainstem at the level of the pons. Crucial role in control of movement.
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| Midbrain | Superior to the pons (part of brainstem).
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| What cranial nerves are located in the midbrain? | CNII-IV
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| What major structures are found in the midbrain? | Cerebral aqueduct, superior and inferior colliculi, pineal gland, and cerebral peduncles
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| Superoir colliculi funtion | Occulomotor and postural adjustments. Orientation to visual and other stimuli. Located on the dorsal midbrain
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| Inferior Colliculi funtion | Ascending auditory pathwaysLocated on the dorsal midbrain
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| What artery supplies blood to the Pons? | Basilar artery
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| What artery supplies blood to the midbrain? | Posterior cerebral artery
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| Diencephalon | Makes up the forebrain along with the cerebral hemispheres. Contains the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
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| Which ventricle is associated with the diencephalon/thalamus? | Third Ventricle
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| Thalamus | Relays information going into the cortex from other parts of the brain/body. Where the third order nuclei for most tracts are located.
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| Hypothalamus | Involved in the control of homeostasis and reproductive function
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| Cerebral Hemispheres | Make up the forebrain along with the diencephalon. Seperated by the longitudinal fissure. Covered by the cerebral cortex. Surface composed of many gyri and sulci. Divided into four lobes.
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| Four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres | Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
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| What sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres? | Central sulcus
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| What connects the cerebral hemispheres | Corpus Callosum
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| What are the three fiber bundles associated with the cerebral hemispheres? | Corpus Callosum, Fornix, and Anterior commissure
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| Anterior Commissure | smaller bundle of axons that are involved in connecting the rt and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
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| Fornix | Connects the hippocamus and thalamus
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| Calcarine sulcus | Defines the location of the primary visual cortex. It seperates the Cuneus "wedge" which controls the inferior portion of the VF, and the lingual "tongue" which controls the upper portion of the VF
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| Basal Ganglia | Influence descending motor pathways by modulating thalamic interactions with the frontal lobe. Divided into three main structures: caudate, putamen, and the globus pallidus
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| Struiatum | The collective name for the caudate and putamen
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| Input to the basal ganglia are genrated by which two structures? | Cerebral cortex and substantia nigra
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| Output from the basal ganglia targets what structures? | Thalamus and superior colliculus
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| Hippocampus | Lies in the "floor" of the lateral ventricle. Medial aspect of the temporal lobe. It is associated with short term memory.
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| Olfactory Bulb | Swellings at the anterior ends of the olfactory tacts
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| Olfactopry Tracts | Receive input from the olfactory nerve rootlets. The tracts run along the inferior surface of the frontal lobe near the midline.
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| Dorsal Thalamus | Anterior portion of the diencephalon. Contains the medial geniculate nucleus (Concerned with audition) and the lateral geniculate nucleus (concerned with vision)
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| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | Lies next to the superior colliculi of the midbrain.
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| Lateral Ventricles | Also known as the first and second ventricles. Contain the largest amount of CSF. Located in the cerebral hemispheres. Connected to the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen.
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| Interventricular foramen | Conncets the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle
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| Cerebral Aqueduct | Located in the midbrain. Connects the third and fourth ventricles.
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| Fourth Ventricle | Located in the pons. Allows CSF to enter into the subarachnoid space.
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| Frontal Lobe | Area anterior to the central sulcus
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| Central sulcus | Divides the frontal and parietal lobes
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| Lateral Fissure (AKA Sylvian Fissure) | Seperates frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
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| Precentral Gyrus | Motor cortex
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| Postcentral Gyrus | Somatic sensory cortex
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| Broca's Area | Posterior third of the inferior frontal gyrus, on the left side. Concerned with the production (formation) of language.
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| Middle frontal lobe | Anterior to the precentral gyrus; control of voluntary eye movements
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| Temporal Lobe | Located inferiorly to the frontal lobe on each side, divided by the lateral fissure.
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| Superior Temporal Gyrus | Involved in audition
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| Middle temporal gyrus | Central part contains Wernicke's area
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| Wernicke's Area | Involved in the understanding of language
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| Parietal Lobe | Lies posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissue
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| Occipital lobe | Most posterior of the lobes, posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus. Named the visual cortex. Damage to this region can cause blindness.
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| Parieto-occipital sulcus | Divides the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe
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| Insula | Hidden beneath the frontal and temporal lobes neurons within this cortex are associated with visceral and autonomic function, and taste perception
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| Cingulated Sulcus | Extends across the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes. Encircle the corpus callosum and diencephalon. (Assoc with the limbic system)
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| Cingulated Gyrus | Gyrus below cingulated sulcus, wraps around the corpus callosum and diencephalon. (Assoc with the Limbic system)
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| Pineal gland | Situated between the two superior colliculi of the midbrain, however is attached to the epithalamus of the diencephalon. Control circadian rhythm and sleep patterns
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| Optic Chiasm | Rostral to the hypothalamus, involved in vision. Point at which the peripheral vision (which is projected to the nasal side of the retina) crosses.
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| Pituitary Gland | Involved in endocrine function. Situated ventral to the hypothalamus.
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| Infundibulum | Stalk of the pituitary gland connecting it with the hypothalamus
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| Mammilary Bodies | Part of the hypothalamus lying in its caudal part, associated with the limbic system
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| Parahippocampal Gryus | Conceals the hippocampus
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| Inferior Olives | Involved in the learning of movements. Located lateral to the medullary pyramids.
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| Globus Pallidus | "Main break" in the basal ganglia acting on the thalamus.
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| Putamen | lateral to the globus pallidus. Part of the basal ganglion which works to inhibit the thalamus
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| Cuadate nucleus | Part of the basal ganglion. Runs lateral to the hippocampus.
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| Internal Capsule | Comprised of the axons entering or leaving the cortex, form this capsule in the vicinity of the thalamus and basal ganglion. Seperates the cuadate from the putamen, globus pallidus. (Runs info from the cortex to the thalamus)
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| Amygdala | Anterior medial portion of the temporal lobe, anterior to the lateral ventricle and the hippocampus. Important component of the limbis system and is involved in the experience and expression of emotion.
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