Duke PA Physiology
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| What cells surround the sperm? | sertoli cells - sperm develop between these cells
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| What hormone is in high levels in between sertoli cells? | testosterone
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| What is aromatase? | present in sertolia cell,convert testosterone to estradiol
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| What secretes aromatase? | sertoli cells
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| What is required to initate sperm differentiation? | FSH
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| What hormone is required for maturation of sperm? | testosterone
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| What is the typical number of sperm in semen? | 200-400 million/5ml
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| what number of sperm is consider infertile? | 100 million/5ml
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| What determines how many sperm you can make? | sertoli cells
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| What determines frequency of ejaculation? | sertoli cells
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| Where does maturation and storage occur? | epididymus
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| What is required for capacitation? | contact with female oviduct epithelium
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| What is contained in the head of the sperm | DNA cargo
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| What is the function of the neck in sperm? | connector
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| What is the function of the mid piece in the sperm? | energy
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| What is the function of the principal piece in the sperm? | motility
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| What is responsible for gonadotropin feedback? | testosterone
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| What is responsible for spermatogensis? | testosterone
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| What is responsible for embryonic differentiation? | testosterone
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| What is DHT important for? | external virilization and secondary sexual characteristics
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| What is one of the dominant target sites for DHT? | prostate
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| What is the carrier for DHT and testosterone in the blood? | TeBG
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| TeBG | testosterone estrogren binding globulin
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| How does TeBG act? | changes gene expression (activate transcription)
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| Does TeBG work in males and females? | yes
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| What are anabolic actions? | anabolic hormones - promoting increased muscle mass
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| What effects do anabolic steroids have on the body? | large muscles, large prostate, small testes (downregulate FSH, decrease sperm production, sertoli cells shrink)
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| What do seminal vesicles contribue to semen? | fructose rich liquid which is 60% of semen volume
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| Aromatase converts testosterone to estrogen, resulting in what? | enlarged breasts - so men on anabolic steroids take tamoxifen b/c of breast growth
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| What does the prostate contribute to semen volume? | alkaline secretion providing 20% of semen volume
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| What does the prostate do under influence of DHT? | enlarges
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| What happens to estrogen in men after 50 years of age? | increased levels induce expression of testosterone receptors which promote growth (benign prostate growth)
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| What are the androgen dependent tissues? | seminal vesicles, prostate, muscle, facial hair
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| How long can sperm live in female tract? | 2-3 days
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| What happens to plasma testosterone in the male fetus? | spikes in 2nd trimester
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| What happens to plasma testosterone in the male neonate? | spikes shortly after birth
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| When the lifespane is testosterone extremely low in males? | from 1 year to puberty - hypothalamus is super-sensitive during this time
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| When does testosterone rise after childhood in males? | puberty
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| How long does testosterone stay high in male? | all the way through old age
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| What can damage male reproductive system? | trauma
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| What does testicular cancer cause? | decreased proliferation & differentiation of sperm
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| What happens in decreased proliferation of sertoli cells? | subfertility - main determinate of daily sperm production in adult
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| What is cryptorchidism? | failed testicular descent
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| What two processes are coordinated in the female reproductive system? | release of the egg and readiness of the uterus
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| Why does the ova duct change shapes throughout the monthly cycle? | cilia on the ova duct move the ovum down the fallopian tube
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| Where does fertilization occur? | isthmus/ampulla region
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| Where is the medulla in the ovary? | in the center
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| What are the eggs encased in? | follicles
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