Immune 1
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| Lymphoid Structures | Bone marrow(Illiac sternum)
Thymus gland
Lymph nodes
Spleen(composed of red&white pulp,filters the blood)
Tonsils(Immune for Resp.)
Appendix
Peyer’s patches
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| Immune Cells | Lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
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| Lymphocytes | B-lymphocytes(bone marrow)
T-lymphocytes(thymus)
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| Types of Immunity | Innate—nonspecific(Natural Immunity,present at birth)
Acquired—specific(happens after you have been exposed to an antigen,immunizations,vaccines)
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| Acquired Immunity | Active Acquired Immunity
Passive Acquired Immunity
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| Active Acquired Immunity | immunization
Takes time to develop but long term
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| Passive Acquired Immunity | immune globulins/gamma-globulins
Immediate but short term(passed through placenta from mother)
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| Hypersensitivity Reactions | Allergies(b-Lymphocytes) Anaphylaxis
Cytotoxic (b-Lymphocytes)
Immune Complex Mediated (b-Lymphocytes)
Delayed Hypersensitivity (t-lymphocytes)
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| Allergic Reactions | Sneezing,itchy eyes,runny/congested nose, swollen sinuses,coughing,wheezing
Common allergens include the waste products from dust mites,proteins found in pet dander,saliva and urine, molds in&out of your home,tree,grass&weed pollen,&roach droppings
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| Other possible substances that can cause allergic reactions include, | venom from insect stings, certain foods, food additives, natural rubber latex, or drugs.
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| Anaphylaxis & Anaphylactic Shock | Occurs suddenly
Check and maintain airway – can go from mild SOB to full blown stridor
Recognize s/s quickly – Rash? Swelling? Itching on chest, throat?
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| Cytotoxic or Cytolytic Reactions | Blood transfusion reactions
ABO incompatibilities
Rh incompatibilities
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| Clinical manifestations of cytotoxic reactions; | Hematuria
Acute renal failure
Bleeding
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| Immune Complex Mediated Reactions | Autoimmune disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematousus (SLE)
Plasmapheresis
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| Autoimmunity; Theories of causation | Genetic susceptibility
Initiation of autoreactivity
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| Delayed Hypersensitivity | Cell mediated immune response
Contact dermatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions to bacterial, fungal and viral infections
Transplant rejections
SOME drug sensitivities
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| Factors Affecting Immune Response | Age
Metabolism
Emotional stress
Hormones
Environment/lifestyle
Nutrition
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| Diagnostic Studies | CBC w/WBC diff
Skin tests
RAST(radioallergosorbent test)blood test. RAST can be performed when a skintest(the more common allergy test)cannot be done due to a skin problem.Both are highly specific,but a skintest is less expensive&produces imediate resu
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| Review lab and diagnostic tests for acute injury/inflammation | Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
C-reactive protein (CRP)
WBC
Differential
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| WBC… what’s the diff? | Neutrophils 50-75%,Basophils 0-2%,Eosinophils 0-6%,Monocytes 1- 10%,Lymphocytes 20-50%,All are decreased in viral infections
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| Neutrophils 50-75% | Increased in infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis, tumor
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| Basophils 0-2% | Increase is rare – happens with allergies
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| Eosinophils 0-6% | Increase with allergies & parasites
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| Monocytes 1- 10% | Increase with acute & chronic infection
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| Lymphocytes 20-50% | Decrease in overwhelming illness, Increase with acute & chronic infection
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| Inflammation | When damage to tissue occurs, the body's immunologic response to the damage is inflammation.
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| Purpose of Inflammation | Isolate, neutralize and remove cause
Clear debris
Initiate healing and repair
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| Inflammatory response | Movement of blood/fluid into injured area promotes healing
Problem when edema impedes tissue perfusion
Anti-inflammatory medications
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| Assessment of the client with an acute injury/inflammation | Redness
Heat
Pain
Swelling
Loss of function
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| Infection | A disease caused by an invasion of the body by pathogenic organisms
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| Basic Infection | Local
Systemic
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| Systemic Infection | Bacteremia
Sepsis
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| Chain of events… | Virulence
Mode of Transmission
Access to host
Direct contact
Inhalation
Ingestion - Gastrointestinal system
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| Mode of Transmission | Direct or indirect contact
Airborne droplets (TB)
Vector (Lyme disease)
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| Access to host | Inhalation
Ingestion
Direct contact
Penetration
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| Direct contact | Some pathogens can live on hard surface
Bedrails
Tables
Person to person contact
Sexually transmitted diseases
Maternal to child transmission during childbirth
Herpes
HIV
Skin breaks - burns, bites, surgery
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| Inhalation - Respiratory tract | Cilia remove microorganisms from lungs
Coughing removes microorganisms from lower respiratory tract
Enzymes & alveolar macrophages destroy most respiratory pathogens
Smoking interferes with action
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| Ingestion - Gastrointestinal system | Contaminated food, water is most common vector
Low gastric pH, enzymes, peristalsis & intestinal flora protect normally GI tract
Medications that decrease gastric acid increase risk of infections
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| Assessment Infection | Vital to check the vital signs when infection is suspected!
Temp, pulse, and respirations may all increase
Mild fever is good defense system
If very young/old or immune system is compromised, need to treat STAT!
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| Factors that Increase Susceptibility to Infection | Age
Nutrition
Medication
Radiation
Burns
Trauma
Surgery
Stress
Cancer
Chronic illness
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| Antibiotics | Bactericidal: kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of susceptible bacteria, rather than killing them immediately; will eventually lead to bacterial death
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| Selection of Antibiotics | Identification of the Infecting Organism
Determination of Drug Susceptibility
Gram stain + or - allows best choice of initial therapy
Culture - identification of the actual organism
Sensitivity - what drug will BEST kill the organism
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| Clients with Communicable Disease – Isolation Precautions | Standard Precautions
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Contact Precautions
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| Viral Infections | Competent immune system:
Best response to viral infections
A well-functioning immune system will eliminate or effectively destroy virus replication
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| Viral Infections | Immunocompromised patients have frequent viral infections
Cancer patients, especially leukemia or lymphoma
Transplant patients, due to pharmacologic therapy
AIDS patients, disease attacks immune system
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Created by:
LauraHall
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