Pathophysio Test 2
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| Atherosclerosis symptoms | Blocks extremity- leg cool & pale
Edema when sitting, layers of artery walls separated & filled with fluid- leg warm when sitting, Skin shinier & without hair
pain
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| Atherosclerosis caused by | High caloric diet:
Chylomicrons taken, leave behind intermediate-density lipoproteins
Float around in blood until liver can take them & turn them into HDL
Extras IDL taken by macrophages, get oxidized & hurt wall → clot
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| Atherosclerosis biggest problem | Small emboli, thrombosis → myocardial infarction
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| Deep Vein Thrombosis | occurs if immobilized for a long time
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| Anatomy of Heart | Right side- deoxygenated
Left side- oxygenated
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| Systole | AV valves close, 1st heart sound, ventricular contraction
Semilunar valves open
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| Diastole | Semilunar valves close, 2nd heart sound
Ventricles relax
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| Layers of heart | Visceral pericardium
Myocardium: middle muscle layer
Endocardium
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| effects of diuretics | Elevate urination→ dehydrated
Can cause hypoalkemia
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| Skeletal/ Cardiac muscle differences | Cardiac does not need stimulus
Cardiac is all or none
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| Blood Pressure = | cardiac output x peripheral resistance
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| Cardiac Output | amount of blood pushed by heard in one minute
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| Peripheral Resistance | depends on viscosity, diameter of vessels
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| Vasoconstricting Factors | • Bradykinin
• Angiotensin II
• Heparin (blood thinner)
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| Vasodialating Factors | ACE inhibitor
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| Beta Blockers | Reduce norepinepherine & epinephrine → slow heart rate
Vasodilator
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| Stages of Cardiac Contractility | o Resting membrane potential
o Threshold potential
o Action Potential
o Plateau
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| De/ Repolarization | De- more positive charge, Na+ diffuses in
Re- more negative charge, K+ diffuses out
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| Cardiac Tamponade | Rapid accumulation of pus (exudate) compress the heart
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| Vagus Nerve | Parasympathetic for heart, lowers heart rate
When hyperstimulated can have AV blocks
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| Normal Rate for Heart | 60-100 beats/ min
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| SA Node | pacemaker in right atrium
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| AV Node | between ventricles & atria coordinates heart rate
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| Purkingi Fibers | in ventricular walls, stimulate to contract
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| Bundle Branch | sends info from AV node to apex
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| Stab Wound in Lungs | Air enters → restrict lung expansion → partial/ complete collapse of lung
Tension: air enters pleural cavity on inhalation but cannot leave on exhalation
Open: air enters pleural cavity through the wound on inhalation and leaves on exhalation
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| Bronchial Asthma | Obstructive airway disorder
Inflammatory disease
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| Hypoxemia | less oxygen
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| Hypercapnia | more co2
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| Cystic Fibrosis | Recessive disorder in chloride transport proteins
High NaCl in sweat
Thick fluids → obstruct airways, obstructs pancreatic & biliary ducts
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| Embolism | Blockage
Decrease perfusion (blood vessel to capillary) → decrease diffusion
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| Isovolumetric Contraction | o No change in blood volume
Contraction although small
AV valves closed
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| Ventricular Ejection | Amount of blood out to vessels from ventricle from each heart beat
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| Preload | stretching ventricle, filling ventricle with blood
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| Postload | tension created in order to have heart contract
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| Factors to get blood back to heart (negative pressure) | oRelaxation of heart
oInhale Air in Lungs
oMuscles to milk blood to heart
oValves in veins
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| Lung Compliance | Ability of lungs to stretch from a change in pressure
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| Lung compliance depends on |
•Elastin & collagen fibers
•Water content
•Surface tension
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| Heart failure | oHeart can no longer pump enough blood to rest of body…
•Ventricles too thick
•Ventricles too stiff
•Ventricles too weak
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Created by:
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