"Dr. Gober" Bio 160, Ch 1- 7
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| what are the active tissue found in bone? | Cartilage, Blood, Nervous Tissue
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| What is the shaft of the long bone? | Diaphysis
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| What part of the bone do tendons and liagments attach to? | Periosteum
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| Bone that consists mainly of tightly packed tissue is called_____ | compact bone
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| bone that consists of numerous branching bony plates by irregualr spaces is called____ | spongy bone
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| The medullary cavity of a long bone is filled with | marrow
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| Bones that develop from layers of membranous connective tissue are called____ | intramembranous
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| an example of a sesmoid bone is _____ | patella
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| bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage are called | endochondral bones
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| The band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers in the long bone is called the ________ | epiphyseal plate
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| the cells that form new bone are ________; the cells the break down bone are ______________ | osteocytes, osetoclasts
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| once bone formation is complete, the bone _________throughout life | is remodeled
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| when a bone is fractured, a hematoma is formed by blood escaping from | the periosteum and blood vessesl within the bone
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| What are the major factors that influence bone growth and development | nutrution, hormonal secertions, physical exercise
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| The gap between broken ends of a fractured bone is filled by a ____ | cartilaginous callus
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| To accomplish movement, bones and muscles function together to act as ____ | levers
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| What bones contain red marrow for blood cell formation in a healthy adult | pelvis, ribs
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| what substances are found in blood? | Potassiumm, calcium, magnesium
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| Calcium is important in___ | muscle contraction and nerve impluse conduction
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| What are the 4 major parts of the Axial skeleton | skull, hyoid bone, vertbral column, thoracic cage
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| what are the 4 major parts of the appendicular skeleton | pectoral girdle, upper legs, pelvic gridle, lower limbs
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| The parts of the spinal column in which the vertebrae are fused____ | sacrum and coccyx
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| The only movable bone of the skull is the ___ | mandible
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| The bone that forms the back of the skull and joins the skull along the lambdoid strucure is the ______ | occipital bone
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| The upper jaw is formed by the | Maxillary bones
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| The membranous areas (soft spots) of an infants skull are______ | fontanels
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| What part of the verebral column acts as a shock asborber | intervertebtral disks
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| the functions of the thoracic include? | Porduction of blood cells, contribution to breathing, protection of heart and lungs, support the shoulder girdle
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| which vertebrae support the most weight | lumbar
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| The true ribs articulate with the ______ and the ______ | thoracic vertebrae and sternum
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| The pectoral girdle is made of two _______ and two _______ | clavicles and scapulales
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| The _____ crosses over the ulna when the palm of the hand faces backward | radius
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| The wrist consists of | 5 metacarpal bones
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| When the hands are placed on the hips, they are over the ______ | iliac crest
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| the longest bone in the body is the_______ | femur
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| the lower end of the fibula can be felt as an ankle bone. The correct name is the_____ | Lateral malleolus
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| Synovial membrane is found in_____ | freely movable joints
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| The function of the bursae is to______ | facilitatte movement of tendons over bones
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| The type of joint that permits the widest range of motion is______ | ball and socket
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| Moving the parts at a joint so that the angle between then is increased is called______ | extension
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| The human body is composed of chemicals? | True
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| What is Matter? | anything that can take up space
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| What forms is matter in? | Solids, liquids and gases
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| The subatances that constitute all matter are called_____ | elements
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| What four elements are most plentiful in the human body? | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
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| what is an atom made of? | nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons
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| Neutron | no electrical charge
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| proton | positive electrical charge
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| electron | negative electrical charge
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| The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of ________ | protons
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| When the atoms combine, they gain or lose _____ | electrons
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| The atomic weight of an element is determined by the number of _____ | protons and neutrons
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| An element is inactive if____ | the outer shell of its atom has its maxium # of electrons
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| An ion is? | an atom that is electrically charged
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| An ionic bond is created by | a positive and negative ion attracting each other
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| In forming a covalent bond, electrons are_____ | shared by two atoms
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| Water is formed by molecules of hydrogen and oxygen united by a _____ | polar bond
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| a compund is formed when atoms of ______ elements combine | different
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| C6H12O6 is an example of a | molecular formula
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| Two majors types of chemical reactions are called_____ and _____ | synthesis and decompostion
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| Know the symbol for reversible reaction |
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| An atom or molecule that affects the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction is called a ______ | catalysts
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| As electroyte that relaeases hydrogen ions in water is an | acid
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| Electrolyes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions are called _____ | bases
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| The pH measures concentration of_____ | Hydorgen ion
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| What is the pH of a nuetral solution? | 7
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| An inorganic substance that relases ions when it reacts with water is water as a | electroytes
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| Examples of inorganic cells | water, oxygen
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| Examples of organic cells | carb, glucose, protien, fat
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| Carbohydrate molecules contains atoms of _______, ________ and _________ | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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| Fat molecules contain _______ and _______ | fatty acids and glycerol
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| Fats are used in the body primarliy to store ______ | enegry
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| Fats, phospholipids and steroids are important _________ found in the human cell | lipids
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| An enzyme is a _______ that acts as a catalyst | protein
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| In addtion to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, proteins also contain atoms of ________ | nitrogen
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| What characteristic of protein determines its function? | conformation
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| The two types of nuclear acids are ______ and _____ | RNA and DNA
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| The function of nucleic acids is to______ | store information and control life process
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| Study of the human body first began with early humans because ______ | of their concern with illness and injury
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| What factors sets the stage for early knowledge of the human body? | the growing experience of medicine men as they treated the sick with herbs and potions
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| The development of modern science began with? | the belief that natural processes were caused by forces that could be understood
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| What languages form the basis of the language of anatomy and physiology? | Latin and greek
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| The branch of science that deals with the structure of the body is? | anatomy
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| The branch of science that studies how body parts function? | physiology
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| The function of a part is __________ related to its structure | always
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| what are the levels of orgnaization of the body in order of increasing complexity, beggining with the atom? | Atom, moleclue, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
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| The sum total of chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up is? | metabolism
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| Homeostasis means? | maintenacne of a stable enviroment
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| Receptors | provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment
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| Effectors | Cause responses which alter conditions in the internal evironment
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| Set point | a point which tells a particular value should be
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| The portion of the body that contains the head, neck and trunk is called the? | axis
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| The arms and legs are called the ? | appendicular portion
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| The major cavities of the axial portion of the body ______________ cavity and the ________ canal, and the ________ cavity and the ________. | cranial, vertebral, thoracic and abdominaopelvic.
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| The inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity is the ? | diaphragm
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| The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are located in the ________ which sperates the thoracic cavity into two compartments. | mediastimum
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| The portion of the abdomen surround by the bones of the pelvis? | Pelvic cavity
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| The visceral and perietal pleural membranes secrete a serous fluid into a potential space called the? | Pleural cavity
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| The heart is covered by the _______ | Pericardial membranes
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| What position is standing erect or arms at side? | anatomical
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| Terms of relative position are used to describe the? | Location of one body part with respect to another
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| A sagittal section divides the body into | right and left portions
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| what is the function of the nervous system? | Intergration and Coordination
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| what is the function of the muscular system? | Support and movement
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| what is the function of the circulatory system? | processing and transporting
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| what is the function of the respiratory system? | processing and transporting
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| what is the function of the skeletal system? | support and movement
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| what is the function of the digestive system? | processing and transporting
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| what is the function of the lymphatic system? | processing and transporting
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| what is the function of the endocrine system? | integration and coordiation
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| what is the function of the urinary system? | processing and transporting
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| what is the function of the reproductive system? | reproduction
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| The cells of the human body vary in size and ___________; the function of various cells is made possible by this ____________________ | shpae, three dimensional forms
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| Cells that are thin, flat and tightly bound together usually have a ___________function | protective
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| The two major portions of the cell, each which is surrounded by a membrane, are the ______ and the ________. | cytoplam and nucleus
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| The cell membrane allows some substances to pass through it and excludes others. This is possible because the cell membrane is ____________ | selectively permeable
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| The cell memebrane is composed of a double layer of ? | Phospolipid moleclues
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| The inner layer if the cell membrane composed of the fatty acid portion of lipid molecules is impermeable to molecules that are soluble in _________ | water
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| The organelle that functions as a system of transport for materials from one part of the ctyoplasm to another is the ________ | endoplasmic reticulum
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| Ribosomes function in the synthesis of protein molecules? t/f | True
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| The Golgi apparatus is involved in the "packaging" of proteins for secretion to the _______ of the cell. | outside
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| The mitochondria function is the release of _____ to the cells. | enegry
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| The enzymes of the lysosome_____ | digest bacteria and damaged cells parts
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| Peroxisomes are abundant in the _____ and the _____ | liver and kidneys
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| Microfilaments are rods of protein involved in cellular______ | movement
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| Which of the following statements about the centerosome are true? | a. It is located near the nucleusb. The centrioles of the centerosome functionc.The centerosoem is concerned with the distribution of chromosomes.d.d. allAnswer---d. ALL
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| Cilia are found on the surface of? | epithelial cells
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| The structures that float in the nucleplasm of the nucleus are the ______ and the _______ | nucleolus and chromatin
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| The differance between active and passive mechanisms of movement through cell membranes is that active mechanisms require______ | cellular energy
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| The process by which nonsoluble material moves through the cell membrane by using a carrier molecule is called ___________________ | facilitated diffusion
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| The process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane from areas of low concentration of solute to areas of higher concentration is called? | osmosis
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| A hypertonic solution is one that _______ | contains a greater concentration of solute than the cell
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| The process by which molecules are forced through a membrane by pressure that is greater on one side than on the other side is called? | filteration
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| The process tha uses energy to move ions across a concentration gradient from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is called? | Active transport
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| The process by which cells engulf liquid molecules is called? | pinocytosis
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| A Process that allows cell to take in molecules pf solids is called? | phagocytosis
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| The process the ensures duplication of DNA molecules during cell reproduction is? | mitosis
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| Prohase | Chromatin forms chomosomes; nuclear envelope and nucleous break up and disperse
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| Metaphase | chomosomes become arranged midway between centrioles; duplicate parts od chromosomes become seperated
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| anaphase | microtubules shorten; chromosomes are pulled toward centrioles
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| telophase | chormosomes elongat; nuclear membranes form around each chormosome set
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| How many cells are in the human body? | 75 trillion
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| Do all cells look the same? | no, the vary in size and shape
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| What is the structure of the cell membrane? | lipids and proteins with fewer carbs
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| Which type of lipid makes up the majority of the cell membrane? | a bilayer of phospholipid
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| What is able to easily pass through the cell membrane? | Soluble lipids- oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| What types of molecules are impermeable through the cell membrane? | water soluble molecules- amino acids, sugars, proteins, nuleic acids and various ions
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| What is diffusion? | the process by which molecules or ions scatter or spread spontaneously from regions where they are in higher concentrations towards regions wher they are lower.
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| What is it called when water molcules diffuse from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration? | Osmosis
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| Any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluid is what? | Isotonic
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| Solutions with a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is what? | Hypertonic
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| Solution which have lower osmotic pressure than body fluids is what? | Hypotonic
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| What happens if a cell is placed in a hypertonic soluiton? | they shrink
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| What happens if a cell is placed into hypotonic solution? | they swell
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| Here in the body does fileration occur? | in the kidneys
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| Cells in tissue are similar? t/f | True
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| The function of epithelial tissue is to? | cover body surfaces
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| what four types of tissue are found in the human body? | epithelial, conncetive, muscle, nervous
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| Which of the following statements about epithelial tissue are true? | a. epithelial tissue has no bloodb. epithelial cells reproduce slowlyc.epithelial cells are nourished by substance diffussing from connective tissued. injuries to epithelial tissue heal rapidly as new cell replace damaged cells.Answer: a, c, d
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| simple sqaumous epitelium | air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries
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| simple cuboidal epitelium | linimg of the ducts of the salivary glands
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| simple columnar epitelium | lining of the digestive tract
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| pseudostratified columnar epitelium | lining of the respiratoy passages
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| startified squamous epitelium | epidermis of the skin
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| The inner lining of the urinary bladder and the passageways of the urninary tract are composed of_____________________ | transitional epitelium
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| A merocrine gland that secretes its product by__________ | exocytosis
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| The function of the connective tissue is: | support, porctection and stores fat
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| Fibroblasts and mast cells found in connective tissue are ___________ cells | fixed
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| The connective tissue cells that produce fibers are? | fibroblasts
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| The major structural protein of the body and of white connective tissue is? | collagen
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| Yellow connective tissue that can be stretched and returned to its shape is? | elastic
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| The most common clels of loose connective tissues are? | Fibroblasts
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| What is adipose tissue and what is the function? | A specialized from of loose connective tissue, it occurs around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs and around various joints, it serves as a conserver of body heat and it serves as a storehouse of energy for the body
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| The cartilage found in the tip of the nose is ? | Hyaline cartilage
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| The type of cartilage in the intervertebral discs is? | fiborcartilage
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| Because of the nature of its blood supply, injured cartilage heals____________ | slowly
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| The most rigid connective tissue is? | Bone
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| The intercellular material of vascular tissue is ? | Plasma
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| The three types of muscle tissue are? | skeletal, smooth and cardiac
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| Coordiation and regualtion of body functions is the function of the _____________ | nervous tissue
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| What are the 4 types of membranes? | Serous,mucous,cutaneous, synovial
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| Serous membranes are located where? | in the body cavities that are completely closed to the outside of the body
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| mucous membranes are located where? | in the lining of the cavities and tubes that have openings to the outside of the body
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| The outer layer of skin is called? | epidermis
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| The inner layer of skin is called? | dermis
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| The masses of connective tissue beneath the inner layer of skin are called? | subcutaneous
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| The outermost layer of the epidermis is? | stratum corneum
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| The pigment that helps protect the deeper layers of the epidermis is? | Melanin
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| Light-complected, fair haired people have __________ numbers of melanocytes than/as dark complected drak-haired people. | equal
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| Blood vessels supplying the skin are located in the ___________ | dermis
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| The subcutaneous layer functions as a __________ | heat insulator
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| Smooth muscle cells that stand hairs on end in response to cold are know as? | arrector pili muscle
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| The glands ususally associated with hair follicles are? | sebaceous glands
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| Nails are produced by epidermal cells that undergo _____________ | keratinzation
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| Where are the eccrine sweat glands most numberous? | the forehead, neck and back
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| The mammary glands of the breast that produce milk are modified ___________ glands | sweat
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| An irregularly shaped lesion with varigated color that develops on sun exposed area is ___________ | melanomas
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| The sweat glands assoicated with regulation of body temperature are the __________ | eccrine glands
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| Which of the following organs produces the most heat? | muscles
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| Sponging the skin with water helps increase the loss of body heat by ________________ | evaporation
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| What are the signs of inflammation? | red, pain and swelling
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| Fibroblasts must migrate into a __________ cut to heal the skin defect. | deep
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