Blood Composition & Vessel Structure
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| tunic(s) of capillaries | tunica interna
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| bulky middle tunic contains smooth muscle and elastin | tunica media
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| its smooth surface decreases resistance to blood flow | tunica interna
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| tunic(s) of arteries and veins | tunica interna; tunica media; tunica externa
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| tunic that is especially thick in elastic arteries | tunica media
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| the arterial system has one of these; the venous system has two | brachiocephalic
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| these arteries supply the myocardium | coronary
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| two paired arteries serving the brain | internal carotid; vertebral
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| longest vein in the lower limb | greater saphenous
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| artery on the dorsum of the foot checked after leg surgery | dorsalis pedis
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| serves the posterior thigh | deep femoral
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| supplies the diaphragm | phrenic
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| formed by the union of the radial and ulnar arteries | brachial artery
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| 2 superficial veins of the arms | basilic; cephalic
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| artery pair serving the kidney | renal arteries
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| veins draining the liver | right and left hepatic veins
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| artery that supplies the distal half of the large intestine via several branches | inferior mesenteric
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| drains the pelvic organs | internal iliac
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| what the external iliac artery becomes on entry into the thigh | femoral
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| major artery serving the arm | brachial
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| supplies most of the small intestine | superior mesenteric
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| join to form the inferior vena cava | common iliac
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| an arterial trunk that has three major branches, which run to the liver, spleen and stomach | celiac trunk
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| major artery serving the tissues external to the skull | external carotid
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| three veins serving the leg | fibular; anterior tibial; posterior tibial
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| artery generally used to take the pulse at the wrist | radial
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| WHat is the pathway of a carbon dioxide gas molecule in the blood from the inferior vena cava until it leaves the blood stream. | right atrium; right ventricle; pulmonary trunk; right or left pulmonary artery; lobar artery; pulmonary capillary beds in lungs; air sacs of lungs
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| Trace pathway of oxygen gas molecule from an alveolus of the lung to the right atrium of the heart | alveolar capillary walls; pulmonary vein; left atrium; left ventricle; aorta; systemic arteries; capillary beds of tissues; systemic veins; superior or inferior vena cava
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| The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of which 2 veins? | splenic vein and superior mesenteric
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| What 3 organs does the splenic vein drain? | spleen, pancreas and greater curvature of stomach
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| What 2 organs does the superior mesenteric drain? | small intestine and ascending colon
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| Which vein drains the lesser curvature of the stomach and empties directly into the hepatic portal vein? | gastric vein
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| Trace the flow of a drop of blood from the small intestine to the right atrium of the heart, noting all structures encountered or passed thru on the way. | capillaries of small intestine; superior mesenteric vein; hepatic portal vein; liver sinusoids; hepatic vein; inferior vena cava
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| What 2 paired arteries enter the skull to supply the brain? | internal carotids and vertebral arteries
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| What name is given to the communication network that has branches of the internal carotids and the vertebral arteries that cooperate to form a ring of blood vessels encircling the pituitary gland at the base of the brain? | Circle of Willis
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| What part of the brain is served by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries? | cerebrum
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| Both the anterior and middle cerebral arteries arise from the internal _____ arteries? | carotid
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| What is the pathway of a drop of blood from the aorta to the left occipital lobe of the brain? | subclavian artery; vertebral artery; basilar artery; posterior cerebral artery
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| Which blood vessels have intimate contact with the tissue cells? | capillaries
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| Why do veins have valves but arteries dont? | Skeletal muscle "milking action" and changes in thoracic cavity pressure during breathing
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| What are artery walls proportionately thicker than those of the corresponding veins? | Arteries must withstand high pressure and veins dont
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| What do the pulmonary arteries carry and to where? | oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
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| What do the pulmonary veins carry and to where? | oxygen-rich blood to the left heart
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| What do most arteries carry? | oxygen-rich blood
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| What do most veins carry? | oxygen-poor blood
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| What is the exception to the fact that most arteries carry oxygen rich blood? | the pulmonary arteries
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| What is the exception to the fact that most veins carry oxygen poor blood? | the pulmonary veins
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| How do the arteries of the pulmonary circulation differ structurally from the systemic arteries? | The pulmonary arteries are more like veins anatomically with relatively thin walls, as the pulmonary circulation is a low pressure bed
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| What is the source of blood in the hepatic portal system? | blood drained from the digestive viscera
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| Why is the hepatic portal blood carried to the liver b4 it enters the systemic circulation? | BC it is rich in nutrients and the liver is responsible for maintaining proper blood concentrations of glucose, proteins, etc. and its phagocytes rid the body of debris
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| What is the function of the circle of Willis? | Provides an alternate set of pathways for blood to reach brain tissue in case of impaired blood flow anywhere in the system
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| What is the first branch of the aortic arch? | brachiocephalic trunk
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| What is the largest artery of the body? | the aorta
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| Which artery divides to form an internal carotid artery which serves the brain, and an external carotid artery? | common carotid artery
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| What artery supplies the extracranial tissues of the neck and head via its superficial temporal, ophthalmic, maxillary, facial, and occipital arterial branches? | the external carotid artery
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| Which artery serves the cerebellum, part of the brain stem and the posterior cerebral hemispheres? | vertebral artery
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| What serves the thyroid gland and some scapular muscles? | thyrocervical trunk
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| What supplies deep neck muscles and some of the upper intercostal muscles? | costocervical trunk
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| What artery serves the upper limb? | axillary artery
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| What artery serves the lateral chest wall? | the lateral thoracic artery
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| What artery serves the shoulder and pectoral regions? | thoracoacromial artery
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| What artery serves the scapula and dorsal thorax? | subscapular artery
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| What arteries serve the shoulder and the deltoid muscle? | anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
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| The brachial artery subdivides into which 2 arteries, which supply the forearm and hand? | radial and ulnar arteries
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| Which arteries supply the mammary glands, most of the thorax wall, and anterior intercostal structures via their anterior intercostal artery branches? | internal thoracic arteries
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| Which artery supplies the stomach? | left gasric artery
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| Which artery supplies the spleen? | splenic artery
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| Which artery supplies the stomach via the right gastric artery,and the duodenum, and pancreas? | common hepatic artery
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| Which artery serves the liver? | hepatic artery proper
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| What is the largest branch of the abdominal aorta and supplies most of the small intestine via the intestinal arteries and the 1st half of the large intestine via the ileocolic and colic arteries? | the superior mesenteric artery
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| Which arteries divides from the descending aorta and serves the pelvis, lower abdominal wall and the lower limbs? | 2 large common iliac arteries
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| What artery supplies the gluteal muscles via the superior and inferior gluteal arteries and the adductor muscles of the medial thigh via the obturator artery, and the external genitalia and perineum? | the internal iliac artery
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| What artery supplies the anterior abdominal wall and the lower limb? | the external iliac artery
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| What artery's name changes to femoral artery as it continues into the thigh? | external iliac artery
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| What arteries supply the head and neck of the femur and the hamstrings? | circumflex femoral arteries
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| Which arteries that divide off from the popliteal artery supply the leg, ankle, and foot? | the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
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| Which arteries supply blood to the sole of the foot? | the lateral and medial plantar arteries
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| S1 is the sound which marks the approximate beginning of systole, and is created when the increase in intraventricular pressure during contraction exceeds the pressure within the atria, causing a sudden closing of the tricuspid and mitral, or AV valves. | S1 or "lub"
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| What sound is produced at the end of systole, the ventricles begin to relax, the pressures within the heart become less than that in the aorta and pulmonary artery, and a brief back flow of blood causes the semilunar valves to snap shut? | S2 or "dup"
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| What are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood and where do they originate? | pulmonary arteries, branches of pulmonary trunk
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| What is the condition in which the direct line of stimulation will swell quite obviously? ie moderate pressure of drawing a blunt end of a pen across the skin | dermatographism
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| What arteries serve the adrenal glands and flank the superior mesenteric artery? | suprarenal arteries
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| 4 pairs of _____ arteries arise from the posterolateral surface of the aorta just below the inferior mesenteric artery and supply the posterior abdominal wall (lumbar region) | lumbar arteries
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| What artery serves the lateral calf and then divides into the lateral and medial plantar arteries that supply blood to the sole of the foot? | fibular artery
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| The anterior tibial artery supplies the extensor muscles and terminates with what artery? | dorsalis pedis artery
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| Where are arteries generally located within the body? | in deep, well-protected body areas
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| Where are veins generally located within the body? | more superficially
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| Where do the major systemic arteries branch from? | the aorta
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| Where do most veins tend to converge from? | the venae cavae
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| Veins draining the head and upper exremities empty into what? | superior vena cava
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| Veins draining the lower part of the body empty into what? | inferior vena cava
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| Where does the inferior vena cava begin? | with the union of the paired common iliac veins
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| Each common iliac vein is formed by the union of which 2 veins and receives venous blood from the lower limb? | the internal iliac vein and the external iliac vein
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| The posterior tibial vein is formed by the union of which 2 veins and ascends deep in the calf muscles? | the medial and lateral plantar veins
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| The popliteal vein becomes which vein in the thigh? | femoral vein
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| Which vein drains into the inferior vena cava? | the right suprarenal vein
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| Which vein drains into the left renal vein? | the left suprarenal vein
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| What is the special vessel called where the unpaired veins draining the digestive tract organs empty and carry blood to the liver b4 it enters the systemic venous system? | hepatic portal vein
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| Which paired veins drain the head, neck and upper extremities and unit to form the superior vena cava? | right and left brachiocephalic veins
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| The jugular, vertebral and subclavian veins are included in the branches of which veins? | brachiocephalic veins
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| What large veins drain the superior sagittal sinus and other dural sinuses of the brain? | internal jugular veins
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| Which veins receive venous blood from the upper extremity? | subclavian veins
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| What does the subclavian vein becomes once it traverses the axilla? | the axillary vein
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| Which 3 veins superficially drain the arm? | the basilic vein, the cephalic vein, and the median cubital vein
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| Which vein is the site of choice for drawing blood? | median cubital vein
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| Which system drains the intercostal muscles of the thorax and provides an accessory venous system to drain the abdominal wall? | the azygos system
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| How does the pulmonary circulation system differ from the systemic circulation? | It doesn't serve the metabolic needs of the body tissues w/which it is associated (in this case, lung tissue) Instead if brings blood into close contact w/alveoli of lungs to perm,it gas exchanges that rid blood of excess CO2 and replenish oxygen supply
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| In what way are the arteries of the pulmonary circulation similar to veins? | structurally, and they create a low-pressure bed in the lungs
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| If the arterial pressure in the systemic circulation is 120/80 what is the pressure in the pulmonary artery likely to be? | 24/8
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| What arteries provide the functional blood supply of the lungs and diverge from the thoracic portion of the descending aorta? | bronchial arteries
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| What occurs across the walls of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries? | diffusion
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| Blood vessels of what drain the digestive viscera, spleen, and pancreas and deliver this blood to the liver for processing via the hepatic portal vein? | the hepatic portal circulation
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| Which vein drains the distal portions of the large intestine, joins the splenic vein, which drains the spleen and part of the pancreas and stomach? | inferior mesenteric vein
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| Which vein, which drains the lesser curvature of the stomach, drains directly into the hepatic portal vein? | the left gastric vein
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| What carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus? | umbilical vein
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| What carries carbon dioxide and waste-laden blood from the fetus to the placenta? | umbilical artery
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| What is the shunt vessel called that most blood is ducted thru the relatively nonfunctional liver to the inferior vena cava in a fetus and carries the blood to the right atrium of the heart? | the ductus venosus
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| What is the name of the 2 shunts that ensures blood almost entirely bypasses the lungs in a fetus? | foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
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| What is the only fetal vessel that carries highly oxygenated blood? | umbilical vein
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| At birth, what does the foramen ovale become? | fossa ovalis
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| What is the ductus arteriosus converted to after it collapses at birth? | fibrous ligamentum arteriosum
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| What is another name for the cerebral arterial circle in the brain? | Circle of Willis
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| Which arteries contribute to the formation of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) at the base of the brain? | internal carotid arteries
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| What artery on each side completes the circle of Willis? | posterior communicating artery, a short shunt connecting right and left anterior cerebral arteries
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| At the base of the cerebrum, the basilar artery divides to form which arteries? | posterior cerebral arteries
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| What arteries supply portions of the temporal and occipital lobes of the cerebrum and become part of the cerebral arterial circle by joining w/the posterior communicating arteries? | posterior cerebral arteries
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| Are the AV valves closed or open during ventricular systole? | closed
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| ARe the AV valves open or closed during atrial contraction and ventricular diastole or relaxation? | open
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| The AV valves are open within the heart when ventricular pressure is lower or higher than atrial pressure? | lower
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| The AV valves close within the heart when ventricular pressure is higher or lower than atrial pressure? | higher
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| The semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure is greater or lower than pressure in the great arteries? | greater
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| The semilunar valves close when ventricular pressure is lower or higher than pressure in the great arteries? | lower
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| Are both sets of valves closed during any part of the cycle? | Yes
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| Are both sets of valves open during any part of the cycle? | No
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| During the cardiac cycle, pressure in the heart is highest or lowest at the point of ventricular contraction? | highest
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| During the cardiac cycle, pressure in the heart is highest or lowest at the point of ventricular relaxation? | lowest
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| the length of the normal cardiac cycle | 0.8 sec
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| The time interval of atrial systole | 0.1 sec
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| The quiescent period, or pause | 0.4 sec
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| the ventricular contraction period | 0.3 sec
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| The first heart sound is a result of closure of what? | the atrioventricular valves
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| The second heart sound is a result of closure of what? | the semilunar valves
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| The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first heart sound are what? | the ventricles
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| The heart chambers that have just emptied when you hear the first heart sound are what? | the atria
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| Immediately after the second heart sound, the what are filling with blood? | atria
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| Immediately after the second heart sound, the the what are empty? | ventricles
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| In order to auscultate most accurately, indicate where you would place your stethoscope for closure of the tricuspid valve? | left or right sternal border of fifth intercostal space
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| In order to auscultate most accurately, where would you place your stethoscope for closure of the aortic semilunar valve? | right sternal border of second intercostal space
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| In order to auscultate most accurately, indicate where you would place your stethoscope for apical heartbeat? | fifth intercostal space in line with middle of left clavicle
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| which valve is heard most clearly when the apical heartbeat is auscultated? | bicuspid
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| Identify the artery palpated at the wrist? | radial
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| Identify the artery palpated on the dorsum of the foot 4. at the side of the neck – carotid | dorsalis pedis
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| Identify the artery palpated in front of the ear | temporal
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| When you were palpating the various pulse or pressure points, which appeared to have the greatest amplitude or tension? | carotid artery
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| What pressure point would you compress to help stop bleeding from the thigh artery? | femoral
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| What pressure point would you compress to help stop bleeding from the calf artery? | popliteal
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| What pressure point would you compress to help stop bleeding from the forearm artery? | brachial
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| What pressure point would you compress to help stop bleeding from the thumb artery? | radial
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| What is the difference called between an apical pulse and an arterial pulse? | pulse deficit
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svking01
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