BJU - Space and Earth Science - Chapter 4
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| The lower layer of the sun’s atmosphere, starting at the photosphere and extending out to 2000 km (1200 mi) from the sun’s surface | chromosphere
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| In the model of the sun's interior it is the outermost region, composed of extremely hot plasmas, where heat transfer from the radiative zone to the surface occurs by convection. | convective zone
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| The dense, extremely hot central region of the earth’s interior, consisting of two parts: a liquid outer core and a solid inner core | core
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| The extremely hot, low-density, and extensive outer portion of the sun's atmosphere that becomes the solar wind. | corona
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| An instrument used to observe the corona of the sun by creating an artificial eclipse. | coronagraph
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| A plate of transparent material having thousands of microscopic parallel lines ruled or molded onto its surface. The spacing of the lines is small enough that the lines interfere with transmitted light waves to produce a colored spectrum. | diffraction grating
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| A form of energy that can be transmitted through a vacuum. Its spectrum contains radio waves, infrared waves, visible light waves, ultraviolet waves, x-rays, and gamma rays. | electromagnetic waves
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| A large, bright, veined patch or spot in the sun's photosphere, usually near one or more sunspots. | facula
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| One of innumerable bumps in the sun's photosphere thought to result from convection, currents bringing up hot plasma from beneath the sun's surface. | granule
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| To add electrons to or remove electrons from a particle to create an ion. | ionize
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| The edge of the disk of a planet, the sun, or the moon. | limb
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| The galaxy that contains our solar system; visible as a broad band of stars across the night sky. | Milky Way
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| An electrically neutral, subatomic, nearly massless particle emitted by the fusion reaction within the sun that travels at nearly the speed of light. Neutrinos do not readily interact with matter and are very hard to detect. | neutrino
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| The lighter outer portion of a shadow cast by a planet or moon, where an observer in the shadow would see a partial solar eclipse. Also, the outer lower temperature region of a sunspot. | penumbra
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| A packet of electromagnetic energy believed to be a discrete particle having zero mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime. | photon
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| The visible surface of the sun. | photosphere
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| A device that changes radiant energy (especially light) into an electric voltage. | photovoltaic cell
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| A state of matter that forms at extremely high temperatures and is not solid, liquid, or gas. All the particles in a plasma are partially or completely ionized, especially in stellar plasmas. | plasma
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| The total amount of force exerted over a standard area, such as a square meter or square foot. Units of pressure are given in units of force per square area, such as newtons per square meter or pounds per square inch. | pressure
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| An immense disturbance in the corona of the sun that may appear as a loop, a feathery structure, or an irregular mass rising from and falling back into the sun. | prominence
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| The heat or light emitted by a glowing object. Also, the particles and rays emitted by a radioactive material. | radiation
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| The middle zone of the model of the sun's interior where thermal energy moves outward from the core by radiation. | radiative zone
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| In general, refers to the energy received by the earth from the sun. It can also refer to all forms of energy obtained from the sun, such as solar-generated electricity, solar heating, solar hot water, and so on. | solar energy
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| An extremely violent eruption on the sun's surface resulting in intense emissions of ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and solar matter. | solar flare
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| High-speed particles from the sun's corona, mostly protons and electrons, traveling outward in all directions into interstellar space. | solar wind
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| An instrument used to identify the elements in an incandescent (heated until glowing) substance by separating and measuring the component wavelengths. | spectroscope
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| A distribution of electromagnetic energies arranged in order of wavelengths. | spectrum
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| A pointed jet of gasses from the top of the sun's chromosphere extending into the corona. | spicule
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| A relatively small, cooler, darker area on the sun's surface believed to be associated with local irregularities in the sun's magnetic field. | sunspot
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| The darker inner part of a sunspot. | umbra
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| The horizontal distance between a wave's crest and its trough. | wavelength
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