Advance physiology - Respiration
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| What produces the negative intrapleural pressure? | Recoil tendency of the lungs.
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| Is intrapleural pressure more or less negative during expiration? | Intrapleural pressure is less negative during expiration.
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| What is tidal volume (Tv) and how do you measure it? | TV is volume of air inhaled in the lungs during a single breath of quiet breathing and leaves the lungs passively during expiration. Measured by spirometry.
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| Explain inspiratory reserve volume and how its measured. | IRV is the amount of air that can be inhaled from the end of a normal inspiration to the maximal point of inspiration. Measured by spirometry.
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| Explain functional residual capacity and how its measured. | FRC includes the ERV + RV. It can be measured by a "dilution" technique from a gas that is inspired in a single inhalation.
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| total lung capacity. | TLC is the total amount of air within the intrapulmonary space at the point of maximum inspiration and would include VC + RV. VC can be measured by spirometry, and RV by an application of the dilution technique as in functional residual capacity.
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| Subject is breathing a respiratory rate 12 and 20 breaths per min, before and after exercise measured tidal volumes was 500 ml and 1200 ml, respectively. What was the increase in minute volume due to exercise? What is needed to calc alveolar vent rate? | Minute volume (V) = resp. rate x tidal volume. V at rest = 6 L/min; during exercise = 24 L/min; increase = 18 L/min. (Alveolar ventilation, VA, for these two conditions, assuming a dead space of 0.15 L, would be 4.2 L/min and 21 L/min, respectively.)
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| Define lung compliance (LC) and the elements that contribute to it. | LC is defined as the ratio of the change in lung volume to the change in transpulmonary pressure. The two major elements in LC are the elastic properties of the lung tissue itself and the surface tension at the air-water interface within the lung.
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| 1. Consider a lung at the end of a normal expiration and the end of a normal inspiration. In which case is the wall tension within an alveolus higher? Which factors are important in determining this wall tension?Ipulmonary P? Ipleural P?Alveolar volume? | Wall tension is higher at the end of a normal inspiration. Intrapulmonary pressure is the same at end of inspiration or expiration (i.e., equal to atmospheric pressure) but intrapleural pressure is more negative at the end of inspiration,
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| 1 fort. | therefore thethe transpulmonary pressure gradient is larger. Also, elastic tension of the tissue increases as it is stretched. At the end of inspiration, the transpulmonary pressure gradient is larger and the radius of an individual alveolus is greater,
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| 1. fort2 | so simple physical relationships from the law of Laplace (T = Pr/2) predict greater tension. In addition, dilution of surfactant as alveolar surface area increases will increase surface tension, further increasing total wall tension at larger lung volumes
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| What are the physiological advantages of surfactant in the lung? | Surfactant decreases alveolar surface tension.
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| The normal lung in the body is always on a stretch, that is, made larger than the size it assumes when removed. What are the forces that produce this tendency of the lung to recoil? | Elasticity of elastic fibers, muscle and connective tissue.
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Created by:
Malekian