Pathophysio Test 1
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| factors affect stress response | hardiness, sense of coherence, resilience, attitude
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| GAS- General adaptation syndrome | physical response to stress
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| GAS stages | 1. alarm reaction
2. resistance
3. exhaustion
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| alarm reaction | perception of stressor, fight or flight, decreased resistance
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| resistance | adaption or advance to exhaustion
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| exhaustion | some signs of alarm again, reversed by external sources
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| stress affects three systems: | nervous, endocrine & immune
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| nociception | receptive nerve endings that respond to harmful stimuli, transmit the pain, communicates tissue damage to the CNS
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| nociception processes | transduction, transmission, perception, modulation
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| transduction | conversion of mechanical stimulus into a neural action potential, inflammation increases likelihood of transduction
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| transmission | movement of pain from site of transduction to brain
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| perception | pain is recognized and responded to
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| modulation | pathways that exert inhibitory effects on transmission of pain, at periphery, spinal cord, brain stem, cerebral cortex
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| sympathetic nervous system activation | increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, increased blood pressure
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| Three categories of medications | nonopioid, opioid, adjuvant
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| analgesic ceiling | increasing dose above upper limit produces no greater pain relief
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| parenteral routes | intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous
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| cortisol | increase glucose, inhibit inflammatory, immunodepresant, increase cardiac, increase oxygen consumption
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| Stress- Nervous: Cerebral cortex | plans course of action
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| Stress- Nervous: Limbic | mediator of emotions & behavior that ensure survival
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| Stress- Nervous: Hypothalamus | regulates sympathetic & parasympathetic connection between nervous & endocrine
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| acute pain | sympathetic: increased heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure
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| chronic pain | behavioral: decreased movement, fatigue, withdrawal from others
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| Visceral pain | obstruction, internal organs
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| Somatic pain | aching, localized, bone, joint, muscle, skin
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| Neuralpathic pain | damage to peripheral or cns, disregulation of nervous system, abnormal processing of stimuli
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| Renal failure | dont give patient potassium
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| hyperalkemia | high potassium, more than 5.1, muscle weakness, tingling, low blood pressure, bowel sounds
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| hyperalkemia treatment | potassium excreting diuretics, rapid IV of dextrose & insulin, if blood transfusion use fresh blood
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| hypoalkemia | low potassium, under 3.5, weakness, leg & abdomen cramps, dizzy when stand
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| hypoalkemia treatment | administer potassium
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| Isotonic solutions in body | 0.9 Saline, lactated ringers, 5% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose in 0.225% saline
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| blood ph | 7.35- 7.45
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| blood pco2 | 35-45 mmHg
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| blood hco3 | 22-27 mEq/L
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| blood po2 | 80-100 mmHg
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| Stress & immune function | decreased natural killer cells, decreased cytokines, decreased making lymphocytes
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| adrenal glands & aldosterone | aid in controlling extracellular fluid volume by regulating the amount of sodium reabsorbed by the kidneys
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| antidiuretic hormone | regulates osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney
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