Path 375 Topic 1
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| parenchymal tissue | we have 2 types of tissue: performs function (others)
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| stromal tissue | we have 2 types of tissue: support function (connective)
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| differentiated cell | cell with function
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| undifferentiated cell | cell without specialized function
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| rough ER / smooth ER | protein / catabolism, synthesis
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| autocrine | control of cell - itself
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| paracrine | control of cell - neighbour
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| endocrine | control of cell - distant neighbour
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| CNS | Central Nervous System
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| ANS | Autonomic Nervous System
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| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System
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| Etiology | Cause of disease (defn path1)
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| Pathogenesis | Mechanism of disease (defn path2)
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| Morphology | Appearance of disease (defn path3)
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| Clinical Significance | Consequence of disease (defn path4)
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| Natural History | Progression of disease (defn path5)
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| Cell injury | when cell lose Homeostasis / balance
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| Reversible Cell Injury | type1 cell injury
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| Irreversible Cell Injury | type2 cell injury
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| Lack of Oxygen | An example of cell injury
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| Hypoxia | Decrease oxygen supply
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| Anoxia | Total lack of oxygen (heart1-2hr/brain4min)
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| Heart attack | Heart stops pumping effectively (hypoxia)
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| Atrophy | Adapt to cell injury1: smaller
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| Physiological atrophy (eg) | aging: Brain
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| Pathological atrophy (eg) | muscle denervation: skeletal muscle cells supplied by that nerve
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| Hypertrophy (eg) | adapt to cell injury2: larger
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| Physiologic hypertrophy (eg) | exercise: skeletal muscle
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| Pathologic hypertrophy (eg) | hypertension (systemic pressure): cardiac muscle cells
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| Hyperplasia | adapt to cell injury3: more cells
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| Physiologic hyperplasia (eg) | pregnancy: female breast
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| Pathologic hyperplasia (eg) | endometrial hyperplasia: endometrial cavity
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| Metaplasia (defn) | adapt to cell injury4: change cell type
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| Metaplasia (eg) | chronic smoking: columnar bronchial epithelium to stratified squamous
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| columnar bronchial epithelium | before smoking
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| stratified squamous | after smoking
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| dysplasia | abnormal growth of cells/tissue (any "bad cell")
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| squamous | scaly
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| exogenous | outside cell
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| endogenous | inside cell
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| anthracosis | accumulation of carbon particles (@ lungs)
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| hemosiderosis | accumulation of hemosiderin
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| steatosis | acculmulation of fat
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| Pathologic calcification | (blank)
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| Dystrophic calcification (defn) | Ca2+ deposit in damaged tissue
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| Dystrophic calcification (eg) | Atherosclerosis
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| Metastatic calcification (defn) | Ca2+ in normal tissue (only when hypercalcemia)
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| hypercalcemia | abnormally high Ca2+ in blood
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| hemosiderin | break-down product of Hb
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| Necrosis | MURDERED: death due to external force - change in appearance (morphological)
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| Apoptosis | NORMAL: death due to old age etc (also in viral bacteria)
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| Coagulative necrosis (morph) | SOLID: boiled meat (coagulated proteins), solid internal organs
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| The most common form of necrosis is... | coagulative necrosis
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| Coagulative necrosis (mechm) | inactivation of hydrolytic enzymes
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| if you don't have working hydrolytic enzymes... | coagulative necrosis
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| Liquefactive necrosis (morph) | dissolution of tissue, soft, filled with fluid
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| Liquefactive necrosis (eg) | Brain infarct
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| Caseous necrosis (morph) | cheese, limited liquefaction
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| Caseous necrosis (eg) | TB
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| Fat necrosis (morph) | white chalky
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| Fat necrosis (mechm) | enzyme complex with Ca2+
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| Inflammation (defn) | A response to injury: non-specific coordinated response by vascularized living tissue to injury
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| Why do tissue inflame? | 1. contain/isolate 2. destroy 3. prepare healing BUT can be harmful
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| 5 Clinical Signs of Inflammation | 1. heat 2. redness 3. edema 4. pain 5. loss of function
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| What are the events in inflammation? | 1spincter relax 2transient vasoconstriction 3v.dilation 4i.permeability 5.WBC arrive (PMN,Plalates,Fibrin,Leukocytes)
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| caliber | diameter
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| transient vasoconstriction | brief vasoconstriction
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| What are the mediators of inflammation? 4x (ie What compounds participate in inflammation?) | 1Histamine 2Bradykinin 3Complement system 4Arachidonic acid derivatives
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| mediators | compounds released by cells to activate WBC
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| Histamine (func) | i. vessel permeability
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| Histamine is released by... | mast cells
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| Bradykinin (func) | 1i. vessel permeability 2pain
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| Bradykinin is from... | derived from plasma proteins
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| plasma proteins | proteins in blood stream
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| Complement system (func) | help to kill bacteria
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| 2 methods to activate Complement | 1. classical pathway 2. alternate pathway
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| Complement activation: classical pathway | Ag-Ab initiated
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| Complement activation: alternate pathway | toxins mediated
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| How many ways can you activate complement system? | 2
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| Arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives (func) | metabolize to form: 1leukotrienes 2prostaglandins 3prostacyclin 4thromboxane, affect inflammation
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| Arachidonic acid is from... | cell wall phospholipids
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| leukotrienes | from AA
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| prostaglandins | from AA
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| prostacyclin | from AA
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| thromboxane | from AA
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| What cells participate in inflammation? 5x | 1. Neutrophil (PMN) 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils/mast cells 4. MO 5. Lymphocytes/Plasma cells
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| Look at table for "Cellular components for inflammation" | (blank)
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| PMN also called... | Neutrophil
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| PMN / Neutrophil (func) | 1kill 2engulf bacteria
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| Does PMN produce chemicals? | YES
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| Is PMN long-live/short-live? | short
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| Is PMN mobile? | YES, very.
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| Eosinophils (func) | 1kill bacteria 2parasite 3allergic rxn
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| Is eosinophils mobile? | YES
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| Is eosinophils involve in chronic/acute inflammation? | Present in Chronic
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| What is the difference btw basophil and mast cell? | Basophil - in blood ; Mast cell - in tissue
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| Basophil/Mast cell (func) | release histamine
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| Macrophages (func) | phagocytosis
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| When does MO enters site of infection? | 3-4 days after injury
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| Does MO involve in chronic/acute inflammation? | Chronic
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| Lymphocytes/Plasma cells (func) | adaptive immune response
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| Lymphocytes | Cells in lymph: only T and B
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| Plasma cells | differentiated B cells
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| What are the difference between lymphocytes and plasma cells? | T and B VS differentiated B
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| Does lymphocyte/plasma cell involve in chronic/acute inflammation? | Chronic
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| Inflammatory exudates | oozing-out stuffs during inflammation
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| How many types of inflammatory exudates are there? | 3. 1exudate 2transudate 3pus(purulent)
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| Exudate | Protein+WBC+Fluid, formed only due to inflammation
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| Why does exudate form? | Inflammation
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| Transudate | Fluid only, forms due to disturbance in forces across vessel walls
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| Why does transudate form? | There is a disturbance of balance in forces across vessel walls
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| Pus (purulent) contains... | Neutrophils + dead bacteria
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| Is pus an inflammatory exudate or transudate? | Exudate
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| Purulent | pus
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| What is the difference btw exudate and transudate? | exudate: protein+WBC+fluid ; transudate: fluid only
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| What are the possible outcome of acute inflammation? 4x | 1complete heal 2abscess 3fibrosis&scar 4becomes chronic
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| Abscess | fibrous capsule wall off inflammation
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| Fibrosis | replace usual tissue with fibrous tissue
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| Fibrosis will lead to... | scar
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| How many types of inflammation are there? 7x | 1. Serous 2. Fibrinous 3. Purulent 4. Ulcerative 5. Pseudomembranous 6. Chronic 7. Granulomatous
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| Serous inflammation | A type of inflammatory infiltrate: clear fluid, few cells
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| Fibrinous inflammation | A type of inflammatory infiltrate: exudate rich in fibrin
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| Inflammatory infiltrate | abnormal stuffs that accumulate in cells/tissue
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| Purulent inflammation | A type of inflammatory infiltrate: exudate rich in PMN
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| Ulcerative inflammation | loss of an epithelial lining due to inflammation
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| Ulceration | sloughing of inflammed necrotic tissue, loss of epithelial lining
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| Pseudomembranous inflammation | 2+3+4 (Fibrinous, Purulent, Ulceration) --> pseudomembrane over ulcer
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| Chronic inflammation | +weeks/months ; All at the same time: 1. active inflam 2. tissue destruction 3. healing
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| In chronic inflammation, 3 things occurs at the same time... | All at the same time: 1. active inflam 2. tissue destruction 3. healing
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| Chronic inflammation's exudate | 1lymphocytes 2plasma cells 3MO
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| In chronic inflammation, one type of cell proliferate: | fibroblasts
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| Fibroblasts | a cell that will become connective tissue
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| Granulomatous inflammation | one kind of chronic inflammation: formation of granulomas
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| Granuloma | 1. lymphocytes, 2. MO (chronic inflam cells) 3. +/- multi-nucleated giant cells --- in discrete nodules
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| multi-nucleated giant cells | sometimes found in granulomas
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| Caseating granulomas (eg) | TB
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| Non-caseating granulomas (eg) | sarcoidosis
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| What is the difference: Inflammatory exudate VS Inflammatory infiltrate? | exudate: oozing-out ; infiltrate: accumulation
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| Fibroblast proliferate when... | proliferate in chronic inflammation
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| What are healing and repair? | Cells' mechm to fix damaged tissue
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| Can epithelial cells regenerate (heal/repair)? | YES. Continually diving
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| Can liver cells regenerate (heal/repair)? | YES. If required.
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| Can neurons regenerate (heal/repair)? | NO.
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| What cells can regenerate themselves and what cannot? | YES: epithelial, liver cells NO: neurons
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| granulation tissue | small, bead-like bulge; consist NEW capillaries
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| How many types of wound-healing process are there? | 2. 1st and 2nd intention
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| Wond healing by first intention (defn) | healing occurs after a surgical incision
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| Wound healing by first intention (steps) | 1scab 2PMN 3granulation tissue 4fibrous tissue(scar, collagen) 5contract myofibroblast 6disappear
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| Wound healing by second intention (defn) | HUGE wound, cannot/not closed surgically
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| Wound healing by second intention (steps) | 1granulation tissue 2fibrous tissue 3contracts **disfiguring
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| granulation tissue, fibrous tissue, scar, collagen, fibroblast | wound healing
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| scab | a crust discharged to cover healing wound (*dried up discharge)
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| Abscess, Sinus, Fistula | [Fig 2.15] When abscess gets too large
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| When an abscess gets too large... | rupture --> sinus, fistula
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| sinus (Ch2) | picture like pot (abscess)
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| fistula | 2 pots of abscess connect
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| keloids | disfiguring scar, excess amount of collagen
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| Immune system (defn) | Immune system protects body against harmful substances
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| We have 2 types of immune system: | 1natural 2acquired immunity
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| How can immune system cause disease? (Broad) | 1too active (hypersensitivity, autoimmune) 2underactive (immunodeficiency) 3transfusion, transplants
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| What are our 4 lymphoid organs? | 1lymph nodes 2spleen 3thymus 4mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
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| lymph nodes | lymphoid organs
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| spleen | lymphoid organs
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| thymus | lymphoid organs
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| mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) | lymphoid organs
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| MALT | mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
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| How many type of adaptive immune cells do we have? | 4. 1T 2B 3Plasma 4NK
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| Receptor of T cells | TCR
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| T helper cells is also called... | CD4
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| T helper cells / CD4 T cells (func) | help B lymphocyte product Ab
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| T suppressor lymphocytes is also called... | CD8
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| T suppressor lymphocytes / CD8 (func) | 1suppress Ab production 2kill viral infected cells
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| Natural killer cell (NK) | not B nor T
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| Natural killer cell (NK) | 1.kill viral infected cells 2kill tumor 3kill foreign cells w/out prior exposure
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| MHC is found on... | APC
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| MHC Class I - Ag binds to... (T cell).. | CD8
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| MHC Class II - Ag binds to... (T cell).. | CD4
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| How many types of B cell antibodies do we have? | 5x. IgG, M, A, D, E
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| Look at table for Antibodies in notes | (blank)
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| IgG is found in... | Blood
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| IgG | Ab when re-exposure
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| IgG (mechm) | 1Floating in cell 2got bact 3Fc get recog by PMN, lymphocytes, MO, eosinophils, palate
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| opsonin | IgG: Increased phagocytosis by cell
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| IgM is found in... | blood
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| IgM | Ab when first encountered
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| IgM (shape) | pentamer held together by J-chain
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| Pentamer Ig | IgM
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| J-chain | IgM pentamer
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| IgM (func) | 1.Ab 2. neutralize bact 3. complement activation
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| Which Ig activates complement? | IgM
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| IgD is found in... | surface of B cells
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| IgD (func) | Activate B if see Ag
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| IgE is found in... | surface of mast cell (tissue)
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| IgE (func) | mediate allergic Type I response
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| IgA is found in... | secretions, milk
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| IgA looks like... | Dimer
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| Which Ig comes in dimer? | IgA
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| Which Ig is a good oposonin? | IgG
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| How did immune specificity comes about? | 1. TCR & 2. AB gene rearrangment
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| Ab (func) | 1no entry 2complement 3spleen/liver removal 4cytotoxic response
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| How is our immune system activated? From bacteria to Memory | (Refer to notes)
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| previously sensitized B cells | B cells that have seen the Ag before
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| What are the 4 types of Hypersensitive reactions? | T1 Anaphylactic Type T2 Cytotoxic Type T3 Immune Complex Type T4 Cell mediated (Delayed response)
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| Type I Hypersensitive Reaction (defn, step, conseq) | Anaphylactic Type Reaction: Mediated by IgE -- Mechm: IgE on mast cell Conseq: Inflammation
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| Anaphylactic Type Reaction is also called... | Type 1 Hypersensitivity
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| Type 2 Hypersensitive reaction (defn, step, conseq) | Cytotoxin Type Reaction: Mediators IgM/IgG Mech: IgM/G binds to self /hapten Conseq 1complement killing 2PMN,MO,NK killing 3Ab block receptor (death / change in function)
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| hapten | small mol'c adapter (binding's middle person)
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| Cytotoxic type hypersensitivity is also called... | Type 2 Hypersensitive Rxn
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| Type 3 Hypersensitive Reaction (defn, step, conseq) | Immune Complex Type Reaction: Ab-Ag forms large clump, circulate, stuck in membrane, inflamme Conseq: Membrane inflammation (localized or systemic)
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| Immune Complex hypersensitive reaction is also called... | Type 3 Hypersensitive Rxn
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| Type 4 hypersensitive reaction (defn, step, conseq) | Cell mediated (delayed response): Mediated by T,MO Step: Infection drags on for a long time, MO-Epitheloid cells-Granulomas-Giant cell, memory Conseq 1. granuloma (TB) 2. no granuloma (contact dermatitis)
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| Cell mediated (delayed response) hypersensitive reaction is also called... | Type 4 Hypersensitive Rxn
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| epitheloid cells | 1st step of MO transformation in granulomas
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| giant cells | 2nd step of MO transformation after granuloma established
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| Allergic rhinitis (location, Ag, route, symp, treatment, eg) | Type 1: Hay Fever
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| Atopic dermatitis (location, Ag, route, symp, treatment, eg) | Type 1: Childhood rash
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| Asthma (some forms) Ch3 (location, Ag, route, symp, treatment, eg) | Type 1: Children asthma (inhaled, delayed response)
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| Anaphylactic Shock (location, Ag, route, symp, treatment, eg) | Type 1: Peanut Butter Shock, Bee Venom
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| What are the symptoms of an anaphylactic shock? | 1.laryngeal constriction (choking) 2. shock 3. pulmonary edema
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| What is the treatment for anaphylactic shock? | epinephrine 1. i. artery contract 2. i. heart action
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| How many Type 1 hypersensitive reaction examples? | 4
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| How many types of Type 2 hypersensitive reaction examples? | 3
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| Hymolytic anemia (Ag, Ab, Consequence) | Type 2: Ag=RBC , hemolysis
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| Grave's Disease (Ag, Ab, Consequence) | Type 2: Ag=TSH receptor, overproduction of thyroid hormone
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| Hyperthyroidism | overproduction of thyroid hormone
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| Myasthenia gravis (Ag, Ab, Consequence) | Type 2: Ag=Acetylcholine receptor @ muscle (muscle weakness)
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| How many examples are there for type 3 hypersensitivity rxn? | 3
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| Systemic lupus erythemastosus (location, Ag, Consequence, Preceed by) | Type 3: Circulating Ag-Ab
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| Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (location, Ag, Consequence, Preceed by) | Type 3: Streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection --> deposit BM (basal membrane) of glomeruli
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| BM (basal membrane of glomeruli) | Post-streptococcus glomerulonephritis (type3)
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| Streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection | Post-streptococcus glomerulonephritis (type3)
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| Polyarteritis nodosa (location, Ag, Consequence, Preceed by) | Type 3: vessel wall, weaken arteries, chronic Hep B
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| How many examples do Type 4 hypersensitive reaction has? | 2
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| Tuberculosis (ch3) | Type 4
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| Contact Dermatitis | Type 4: latex gloves, poison ivy, gold rings
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| Tuberculin | Lab test for TB. Inject TB proteins to see if swell.
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| Induration | This is what you look for in TB test: hardening of normally soft tissue due to inflammation etc
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| Transplantation: What are the possible diseases? | 1. Rejection 2. GVHD (Graft versus host disease)
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| Autograft | eg. skin graft, hair transplant
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| Allograft | HLA typing, blood grps (relatives + immunosuppresant)
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| HLA typing | Human leukocyte typing (before transplant)
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| Xenograft | pig heart valves, cornea
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| Transplant: Rejection: How many types are there? | 3
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| Types of Transplant rejection: | 1hyperacute 2acute 3chronic
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| hyperacute transplant rejection | (hours) preformed Ab
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| acute transplant rejection | (days/wks) develop Ab, CTL
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| chronic transplant rejection | (mths/yrs) develop Ab, CTL -- vascular obstruction, tissue destruction
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| Graft versus host disease (GVHD) | allogenic bone marrow transplants
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| GVHD | Graft versus host disease
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| Blood Transfusion: considerations -- | ABO , Rh+/-
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| Hemolytic transfusion reaction (giving A blood to B person) symptoms: | 1chills 2shivering 3fever 4shock 5DIC 6death
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| DIC | disseminated intravscular coagulation: small clots in blood vessel
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| hydrops fetalis | extensive edema + jaundice in fetus: by Rh incompatibility
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| What are the types of Rh Ag? | C,D,E. but only D important
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| What are the difference btw Rh and ABO incompatibility? | ABO has preformed Ab. Rh has no preformed Ab, wait for 1st child exposure.
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| How to prevent Rh incompatibility? | Immunoprophylaxis: inject Anti-D-Ig right after 1st child Rh+ birth
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| titre | concentration of Ab
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| systemic autoimmune disease | mechm unclear -- use immunosuppresant "dam-down"
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| organ specific autoimmune disease | mechm unclear -- use immunosuppresant "dam-down"
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| What is the hypothesis for etiology for systemic lupus erythematosus? | Malfunction T suppresor cells --> Polycolnal activation of B + Ab
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| What are the screening for lupus? | 1. ANA test + 2. anti dsDNA Ab + 3. Ab against Extractable Nuclear Antigens +
🗑
|
||||
| ANA test | antinuclear antibodies, test for autoimmune diseases
🗑
|
||||
| anti dsDNA antibodies | test for lupus
🗑
|
||||
| Extractable Nuclear Antigens | test for lupus
🗑
|
||||
| Lupus is what type of hypersensitivity? | Type 3 (major) and 2 (minor)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most serious complication for lupus? | Kidney failure
🗑
|
||||
| congenital | 先天
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two types of immunodeficiency? | 1congenital 2acquired
🗑
|
||||
| SCIDS | Severe combined immunodeficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Severe combined immunodeficiency | total lack of B and T "boy in bubble" (cause: bad lymphocyte precursors)
🗑
|
||||
| Isolated IgA deficiency | increase intestinal infections
🗑
|
||||
| DiGeorge Syndrome | T cell not developed 1.defective devp 2.no thymus
🗑
|
||||
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency
🗑
|
||||
| HIV infects what cells? | CD4, MO
🗑
|
||||
| HIV trasmitted by... | 1. IVDA 2. sexual intercourse 3blood transfusion 4mom-fetal
🗑
|
||||
| IVDA | IV drug abuse
🗑
|
||||
| How many types of congenital immunodeficiency did we study? | 3 -- SCIDS, Isolated IgA deficiency, DiGeorge Syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| How many types of acquired immunodeficiency did we study? | 1. AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| What is the 4 stages of HIV infection? | 1.acute sick 2. asymptomatic 3. lymphadenopathy 4. opportunistic infections/neoplasia etc
🗑
|
||||
| lymphadenopathy | swelling of lymph nodes, HIV
🗑
|
||||
| How to diagnosis HIV? | HIV Ab
🗑
|
||||
| How to monitor HIV patients? | CD4 counts
🗑
|
||||
| What are some opportunistic pathogens for HIV patients? | 1pneomocystis carinii 2aspergillus 3MAI
🗑
|
||||
| What are some tumors for HIV patients? | 1kaposi sarcoma 2lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| pneomocystis carinii | HIV opp pathogen (fugus)
🗑
|
||||
| aspergillus | HIV opp pathogen (fugus)
🗑
|
||||
| MAI | HIV opp pathogen
🗑
|
||||
| kaposi sarcoma | HIV tumor
🗑
|
||||
| lymphoma | HIV tumor
🗑
|
||||
| How to treat HIV patients? | 1antivirals 2treat opp pathogens
🗑
|
||||
| Amyloidosis | deposition of abnormal protein (amyloid) in various organs
🗑
|
||||
| Amyloid | Protein + Sugar from dead tissue, deposit in body =(
🗑
|
||||
| Describe amyloid protein | It's unusal. beta-pleated sheets
🗑
|
||||
| What are the typs of amyloid? | AL, AA
🗑
|
||||
| Neoplasm | is a mass of abnormal cells that grows autonomously: benign or malignant
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor | swelling (greek's 5 signs of inflam)
🗑
|
||||
| Cancer | malignant neoplasm
🗑
|
||||
| Benign neoplasms (charc 4x) | 1well differentiated 2slow growth(few mitosis, no necrosis) 3no invasion (expansile growth, smooth border, encapsulated) 4no metastases
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant neoplasms (charc 4x) | 1less well differentiated (anaplasia) 2grow quick(ischemic necrosis) 3locally invasive (irreg infiltrating border, no capsule, margin) 4metastasize
🗑
|
||||
| expansile growth | capable of expansion
🗑
|
||||
| anaplasia | complete lack of cell differentiation "backward, cell"
🗑
|
||||
| ischemic necrosis | necrosis due to stop of blood supply, in malignant neoplasm
🗑
|
||||
| infiltrating border | permeating border (malignant neoplasm)
🗑
|
||||
| margin | when remove malignant tumor, need to remove surround healthy tissue too
🗑
|
||||
| -oma | epithelial benign, soft tissue benign
🗑
|
||||
| -carcinomas | epithelial malignant
🗑
|
||||
| -sarcomas | soft tissue malignant
🗑
|
||||
| adenoma | gland tumor, epithlial benign
🗑
|
||||
| papilloma | finger-like projections, epithelial benign
🗑
|
||||
| adenocarcinoma | gland formation/mucin production, epithelial malignant
🗑
|
||||
| squamous cell carcinoma | intercellular bridge/keratin prod., epithelial malignant
🗑
|
||||
| transitional cell carcinoma | transitional cell epithelium, malignant
🗑
|
||||
| fibroma | fibroblast, soft tissue b
🗑
|
||||
| lipoma | fat cells, soft tissue b
🗑
|
||||
| chondroma | cartilage cells, soft tissue b
🗑
|
||||
| leiomyoma | smooth muscle, soft tissue b
🗑
|
||||
| fibrosarcoma | fibroblast, soft tissue m
🗑
|
||||
| liposarcoma | fat cells, soft tissue m
🗑
|
||||
| chondrosarcoma | cartillage cells, soft tissue m
🗑
|
||||
| leiomyosarcoma | smooth muscle cells, soft tissue m
🗑
|
||||
| melanoma | melanocytes: m
🗑
|
||||
| lymphoma | lymphocytes: m
🗑
|
||||
| leukemia | hematopoietic cells: m
🗑
|
||||
| carcinoid | neuroendocrine cells: m
🗑
|
||||
| Teratoma | Germ cells: m or b
🗑
|
||||
| Mixed tumor | epithelial & mesenchymal 2 layer tumor
🗑
|
||||
| mesenchymal | mesoderm origin tissue
🗑
|
||||
| melanocyte (func) | product melanin (pigment)
🗑
|
||||
| squamous cell (func) | 1. intercellular bridge 2. keratin production
🗑
|
||||
| What are the predisposing factors of neoplasm? 6x | 1geographic 2carcinogens 3age 4herditary factors 5clinical pre-conditional 6benign neoplasm transform
🗑
|
||||
| Predisposing fac: geographic (eg) | Japan gastric cancer
🗑
|
||||
| If you're exposed to asbestos, you're likely going to get... | mesothelioma of lung
🗑
|
||||
| mesothelioma | caused by asbestos
🗑
|
||||
| neoplasms more common in children: | 1leukemias 2neuroblastroma 3Wilm's tumor 4retinoblastoma
🗑
|
||||
| leukemia (risk group) | children
🗑
|
||||
| neuroblastoma (risk group) | children
🗑
|
||||
| Wilm's tumor (risk group) | children
🗑
|
||||
| retinoblastoma (risk group) | children
🗑
|
||||
| Why is there familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) | lots of polyps in colon: inherit a mutant gene =(
🗑
|
||||
| Pre-medical condition: liver cirrhosis... | liver cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Pre-medical condition: atrophic gastritis | stomach cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Pre-medical condition: chronic ulcerative colitis | colon cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Pre-medical condition of liver cancer | liver cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| Pre-medical condition of stomach cancer | atrophic gastritis
🗑
|
||||
| Pre-medical condition of colon cancer | chronic ulcerative colitis
🗑
|
||||
| cirrhosis | chronic inflam of liver, yellow
🗑
|
||||
| What kind of benign tumor will led to malignant colon cancer? | villous adenomas of colon
🗑
|
||||
| Pre-medical condition: villous adenomas of colon | colon cancer
🗑
|
||||
| What are the different grades of cancer? | 2x. High grade: poorly differentiated ; Low grade: well-differentiated
🗑
|
||||
| Is there grade and stage for both malignant and benign tumor? | NO. Malignant only.
🗑
|
||||
| What are the different stages of cancer? | TNM system: (1-4) T size N amt in lymph node M metastasis (1 for <2.5cm etc)
🗑
|
||||
| What is one eg of staging sytem for cancer? | TNM
🗑
|
||||
| tumor burden | amount of malignant neoplasm in body
🗑
|
||||
| Meningioma (...result) | There's no space for it to grow. Compression -- fatal
🗑
|
||||
| What will tumor do to our body? | 1. compression (fatal) 2. systemic (cachexia, weighloss, anorexia) 3. paraneoplastic syndroms (i. Ca2+, Cushing's synd, Syn of inapp ADH) 4Hormone-secreting tumor
🗑
|
||||
| cachexia | "bad, condition" -- ill health, poor nutrition (cancer)
🗑
|
||||
| anorexia | "no, appetite"
🗑
|
||||
| Paraneoplastic syndromes (defn) | sydrome of symptoms of ppl with cancer but not explained but direct tumor effects
🗑
|
||||
| Paraneoplastic syndromes (list) | 1. Hypercalcemia 2. Cushing's syndrome 3. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
🗑
|
||||
| Hypercalcemia | is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. 1i. blood Ca2+ 2produce PTH-rp protein
🗑
|
||||
| PTH-rp protein | produced during hypercalcemia (neoplastic syndromes)
🗑
|
||||
| Cushing's syndrome | Produce ACTH (neoplastic syndromes)
🗑
|
||||
| ACTH | Produced during Cushing's syndrome (neoplastic syndromes)
🗑
|
||||
| Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone | Production of ADH (cancer paraneoplastic syndromes)
🗑
|
||||
| Carcinogen | a cancer-producing substance
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical carinogenesis (steps) | 1Initiation (damage DNA irrev) 2Promotion (tumor form) 3Progression (tumor change, clonal expansion)
🗑
|
||||
| Pro-carcinogen | chemical that must be modified in body to become a carcinogen
🗑
|
||||
| Can all chemical carcinogens initiate & promote? | No. Some just initiate.
🗑
|
||||
| Alkylating agents | eg of chemical carcinogen: used to treat cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Aflatoxin | eg of chemical carcinogen: fungus, liver carcinogen
🗑
|
||||
| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | eg of chemical carcinogen: skin, lung carcinogen
🗑
|
||||
| Aniline dyes | eg of chemical carcinogen: bladder carcinogen
🗑
|
||||
| Nitrosamines | eg of chemical carcinogen: gastric cancer
🗑
|
||||
| amides | eg of chemical carcinogen: gastric cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Incidence (of a cancer) | # of new case / year
🗑
|
||||
| TOP RANKING CANCER OCCURANCE (female) | 1breast 2lung 3colorectal 4uterine
🗑
|
||||
| TOP RANKING CANCER OCCURANCE (male) | 1prostate 2lung 3colorectal
🗑
|
||||
| Mortality (of a cancer) | # of deaths / year
🗑
|
||||
| TOP RANKING CANCER DEATHS (female) | 1lung 2breast 3colorectal
🗑
|
||||
| TOP RANKING CANCER DEATHS (male) | 1lung 2prostate 3colorectal
🗑
|
||||
| Can our immune system fight cancer? | YES. Can eliminate small ones. Spontaneous remissions.
🗑
|
||||
| Immunotherapy (cancer) | drugs to enhance our immune destruction of cancer
🗑
|
||||
| spontaneous remissions (cancer) | sudden disappear of cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Teratogen | agent that cause fetal abnormality
🗑
|
||||
| How many chromosomes do we have? | 22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome
🗑
|
||||
| aneuploidy | "no, normal # chromome"
🗑
|
||||
| monosomy - fatal? | (chart) NO for X
🗑
|
||||
| trisomy - fatal? | (chart) NO for 13, 18, 21, X, Y
🗑
|
||||
| morbidity | # of case in a population
🗑
|
||||
| p and q arms of chromosome | p = upper q = lower
🗑
|
||||
| carrier of genetic disease | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| exogenous factors (genetic) | inside body
🗑
|
||||
| endogenous factors (genetic) | outside body
🗑
|
||||
| dose effect | close relative have this genetic disease, yours is high too
🗑
|
||||
| epigenetic factours | environmental factors
🗑
|
||||
| What are the four ways of prenatal diagnosis? | 1. Ultrasound 2. Chronic villus sampling 3. Amniotic fluid 4. Maternal blood (triple screen)
🗑
|
||||
| Triple screen | prenatal diagnosis (of mother's blood)
🗑
|
||||
| chorionic villi | placental villus
🗑
|
||||
| Premature baby | delivered before 37 wks
🗑
|
||||
| IUGR | Intrauterin Growth Restriction: birth <3200 g
🗑
|
||||
| Immature baby | < 37wks <1500 g
🗑
|
||||
| Placental insufficiency | failure of placenta to supply baby with nutrients
🗑
|
||||
| Dura matter | Membrane covering brain and spinal cord
🗑
|
||||
| A normal baby (time, weight) | 40wks, 3500g
🗑
|
||||
| Reasons of developmental malformities 6x | 1. Unknown 75% 2. Genetic 20% 3. Chromosomal 2% 4. Infection 2% 5. Chemical 1% 6. Physical ?%
🗑
|
||||
| 20% genetic developmental malformities (types) | 1. auto dominant 2. auto recessive 3. x-link 4multifactorial
🗑
|
||||
| 2% Chromosomal developmental malformities (types) | 1. Number 2. structural
🗑
|
||||
| 2% Infection developmental malformities (types) | TORCH
🗑
|
||||
| Autosomal dominant devlp disease | 1.Achondroplastic dwarfism 2. Marfan's syndrome 3. Familial hypercholesterolemia
🗑
|
||||
| Achodroplastic dwarfism | short arm & leg
🗑
|
||||
| Marfan's syndrome | fibrillin gene (tall, thin, weak joints, dissecting aneurysms, retinal detachments)
🗑
|
||||
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | LDL receptor gene in liver (early atherosclerosis, heart disease, xanthomas) DD > Dd
🗑
|
||||
| Autosomal recessive developmental malformities 4x | 1. cystic fibrosis 2. Lysosomal storage disease (Tay-Sachs, Gaucher Disease, lipidoses, mucopolysaccharidoses, glycogenoses) 4 PKU
🗑
|
||||
| meconium ileus | dark green fecal material in fetal ileus (cystic fibrosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Chloride sweat test | diag of cystic fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Cystic fibrosis | chlorine transport gene (thick mucous, infections, meconium ileus, mucus plugs) Chloridfe sweat test
🗑
|
||||
| Lipodoses | lysosome can't digest fat dd
🗑
|
||||
| Mucopolysacchridoses | lysosome can't digest complex sugar dd
🗑
|
||||
| Glycogenoses | lysosome can't digest glycogen dd
🗑
|
||||
| Tay-Sachs | Hexosaminidase gene: lysosome can't digest gangliosides dd (3-5 yrs, brain, eye)
🗑
|
||||
| Gaucher disease | Glucocerebrosidase gene: lysosome can't digest gluccocerebroside (normal life, large spleen, anemia)
🗑
|
||||
| PKU | phenylketonuria
🗑
|
||||
| phenylketonuria PKU | phenylalanine hydroxylase gene: can't PheA -> Try (Ashkanazi Jews, psyconeural, heel prick, don't eat PheA)
🗑
|
||||
| Hexosaminidase gene | Tay-Sach (gangliosides)
🗑
|
||||
| Gangliosides | digest by hexosaminidase gene
🗑
|
||||
| Glucocerebrosidase gene | Gaucher disease (glucocerebroside)
🗑
|
||||
| glucocerebroside | Glucocerebrosidase gene
🗑
|
||||
| How many types of x-link recessive developmental disorder? | 3x. 1. hemophilia 2. Duchenne and Becker's Muscular Dystrophy 3. Fragile X syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Hemophilia | lack coagulation proteins (clotting factors), 2 types A&B, arthritis, factor replacement, Romanovs (Russian royal family) Xd
🗑
|
||||
| hemophillia type A | Factor VIII gene 8 : more common 1 in 5000 Xd
🗑
|
||||
| hemophilia type B | Factor IX gene 9 : rare 1 in 30,000 Xd
🗑
|
||||
| Romanovs | Russian royal family with hemophilia Xd
🗑
|
||||
| Duchenne and Becker's Muscular Dystrophy | lack dystrophin protein: weak cells, 2 types
🗑
|
||||
| dystrophin protein | maintains cell structure by binding cytoskeletons (Duchenne and Becker's Muscular Dystrophy)
🗑
|
||||
| Duchenne type | severe, common Xd
🗑
|
||||
| Becker's type | less severe, rare Xd
🗑
|
||||
| Fragile X syndrome | CGG triplet repeat on X-link (mental retard, enlarged testes) - acculmulation over time
🗑
|
||||
| CGG triplets repeats | Fragile X syndrome Xd
🗑
|
||||
| Pre-mutation ** | individual who does not have critical number of repeat to cause expression of disorder (Fragile X syndrome) Xd
🗑
|
||||
| HOw many multifactorial genetic disease? | 5x 1. hare lip 2. dysraphias (anencephaly, spina bifida, meningocele) 3. diabetes melitus type 2
🗑
|
||||
| Hare lip / cleft lip / cleft palate | multifactorial genetic
🗑
|
||||
| Dysraphias | incomplete fusion of midline structures
🗑
|
||||
| Anencephaly | no brain
🗑
|
||||
| Spina bifida | vertebral bones (no skin)
🗑
|
||||
| Meningocele | under skin vertebra protusion
🗑
|
||||
| How to prevent dysraphias? | folate
🗑
|
||||
| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 | multifactorial genetic. lack of insulin
🗑
|
||||
| HOw many chromosomal number diseases? | 3 1. turner's syndrome 2. down's syndrome 3. klinefelter's syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Turner's syndrome | XO monosomy (look female)
🗑
|
||||
| Down's syndrome (trisomy) | 21, 21, 21 trisomy (retard, short 5th finger, wide gap 1/2 toes, old mom)
🗑
|
||||
| Down's syndrome (translocation) | 21to14 (t21/14)
🗑
|
||||
| t21/14 | translocate from 21 to 14
🗑
|
||||
| Klinefelter's syndrome | x,x,x trisomy (look male, breast, infertile)
🗑
|
||||
| How many chromosome structure disorder? | 3x. 1. WARG 2. Retinoblastomas 3. Down's syndrome 4%
🗑
|
||||
| WARG | Wilm's tumor, Anairidia, Mental retardation, Genital malformation (delete p11)
🗑
|
||||
| retinoblastomas | eye tumor (delete q13)
🗑
|
||||
| anairidia | no iris
🗑
|
||||
| How many Infections (developmental) | 5 TORCH
🗑
|
||||
| TORCH: Toxoplasmosis | parasite (brain microcalcification, hydrocephaly, skin lesions)
🗑
|
||||
| TORCH: Others | syphilis, listeria
🗑
|
||||
| TORCH: Rubella | German measle virus, microcephaly, heart, microphthalmia (small eyes)
🗑
|
||||
| TORCH: Cytomegalovirus | brain microcalcification, hydrocephaly
🗑
|
||||
| TORCH: Herpes simplex virus | developmental
🗑
|
||||
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | chemical, mental retard
🗑
|
||||
| thalidomide | sleeping pills (chemical developmental teratogen)
🗑
|
||||
| Isotretinoin | acne drug (chemical developmental teratogen)
🗑
|
||||
| Radiation | (physical developmental teratogen) nagasaki, hiroshima
🗑
|
||||
| Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome | inadequate surfactant (lecithin), atelectasis, hyaline membrane, treat by corticosteriods
🗑
|
||||
| lecithin | surfactant
🗑
|
||||
| atelectasis | alveoli collapse "not, end, stretching out"
🗑
|
||||
| hyaline membrane | glassy appearance membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Birth injury | hurt when giving birth (large, bone fracture, nerve injury)
🗑
|
||||
| SIDS | Sudden Infant Death syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Crib death | Sudden Infant Death syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Cot death | Sudden Infant Death syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Sudden Infant Death syndrome | apnea, hypothalamus immature, low social status
🗑
|
||||
| apnea | "no breathing"
🗑
|
||||
| Corticosteriods | treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| anasarca | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| ascites | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hydrothorax | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hydrocardia | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| herniation | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| congestive heart failure | Na retention
🗑
|
||||
| Hemoptysis | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hematemesis | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hematochezia | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| melena | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hematuria | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| metrorrhagia | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hemothorax | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hemoperitoneum | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hemopericardium | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hemotoma | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| petechiae | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| purpura | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| echymoses | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| hypovolemia | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| Virchow's triad | thrombosis predispose factors 1. stasis of blood 2. hypercoagulable states 3. endothelial injury
🗑
|
||||
| Why would there be thrombosis? | virchow's triad
🗑
|
||||
| fibrinolysis | lyse a thrombus
🗑
|
||||
| infarct | stop blood, necrosis
🗑
|
||||
| site of impaction | where embolus got stuck
🗑
|
||||
| saddle embolus | lung embolus, no blood at all , death
🗑
|
||||
| pulmonary infarct | small localized, ok
🗑
|
||||
| carotids artery | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| ischemia | stop blood
🗑
|
||||
| Can heart, liver, brain heal infarcts? | yes heart (fibrosis) yes liver (replacement) NO brain
🗑
|
||||
| Shock | inadequate blood to tissue, memnoic S, H, O, C, K, S
🗑
|
||||
| arrhythmia | irregular heart beat
🗑
|
||||
| oliguria | infrequent urination
🗑
|
||||
| acidosis | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| stages of shock: | 1.compensated/nonprograssive 2. decompensated(prograssive) 3.irreversible
🗑
|
||||
| descending branch | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| circumflex branch | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| tricuspid valve | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| mitral valve | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| pericardial sac | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| epicardium | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| myocardium | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| endocardium | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| arotic valve | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| pulmonic valve | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| cardiac conducting system | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| endothelium (vessel) | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| media | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| adventitia | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic heart disease | narrowing of vessel, not enough supply to heart muscle (atherosclerosis)
🗑
|
||||
| angina | chest pain
🗑
|
||||
| troponin | lab test for ischemic heart disease
🗑
|
||||
| papillary muscle | muslce of heart valve
🗑
|
||||
| congestive heart failure | heart is no good pump
🗑
|
||||
| Hypertension | high blood pressure >90 d > 160 s
🗑
|
||||
| benign hypertension | hyalinization on vessel walls
🗑
|
||||
| malignant hypertension | onion skin (necrosis)
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| hypertensive encelphalopahy | microinfarcts, strokes
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| congenital heart disease cause: | rubella, alcohol, chromosome
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| 2 types of congenital heart disease | 1septal defect 2tetralogy of fallot
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| tetralogy of fallot | 1pulmonic stenosis 2LV septal defect 3RV hypertrophy 4overriding aorta
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| plumonic stenosis | narrowing (tetralogy of fallot)
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| endocarditis | (blank)
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| myocarditis | (blank)
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| pericarditis | (blank)
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| acute endocarditis | norm valve
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| subacute endocarditis | abnorm valve
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| result of endocarditis | emboli
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| Rheumatic heart disease | bact (streptococcal) + autoimmune inflammation of heart
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| Rheumatic fever | Rheumatic heart disease
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| vegetations | scar
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| hyalinization | deposit of amyloid (harden arteries, lost elasticity, Ca2+ deposit)
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| Dilated cardiomyopathy | alcohol, virus
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| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | young male
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| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | infiltration/ amyloid
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| atrial myxoma | benign
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| it's rare to have metastatic tumor in heart, constantly pumping, if yes, from.. | lungs
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| Iatrogenic | doctor-induced heart disease (radiation x-ray, surgery, transplants of heart)
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| cardiotoxic | (blank)
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| atherosclerosis risk factors | 1. constitutional 2. modifiable major 3. modifiable minor
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| lesion | tissue damage
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|
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| atherosclerosis (mechm) | 1. endothelial injury + hyperlipidemia 2. MO + lipid = foam cells (fatty streaks) 3lipid deposit, ulceration (lipid plaque) 4smooth muscle, fibrous tissue in-growth @ plaque (fibrous plaque) 5. calcification/hemorrhage
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| hyperlipidemia | too much fat in blood
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|
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| foam cells | MO + lipid (atherosclerosis)
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|
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| fatty streaks | atherosclerosis
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|
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| liquid plaque | atherosclerosis
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| fibrous plaque | atherosclerosis
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|
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| vasculitis : 2 types | inflam of vessel wall 1. polyarteritis nodosa 2. temporal arteritis
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|
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| polyarteritis nodosa | type 3. autoimmune. multiple organ
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|
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| temporal arteritis | temporal artery @ head, elderly
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|
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| Raynaud's disease | disorder contract of vessels (always cold @ fingers, toes) Treatment: reheating
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|
||||
| Deep vein thrombosis | to lung =(
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|
||||
| varicose vein | dilated, twisted (tortuous) veins (bad valves) @ legs (thrombus, stasis dermatitis)
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|
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| tortuous | twisted
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|
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| stasis dermatitis | no vein circulation, scaly legs (varicose vein)
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|
||||
| lymphangitis | inflam lymph of leg/hands
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|
||||
| dual blood supply | lung
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|
||||
| alveolar ducts | (blank)
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|
||||
| bronchial arteries | (blank)
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|
||||
| mucocilliary escalator | (blank)
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|
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| alveolar pneumocyte | (blank)
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|
||||
| basement membrane | (blank)
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|
||||
| What are the infections of the upper respiratory tract? 4x | 1. cold/flu 2. strep throat 3. mononucleosis 4. diphtheria
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|
||||
| common cold/sore throat / flu | rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus
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|
||||
| strep throat | strep A
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|
||||
| Mononucleosis | EBV (enlarge nodes, sore throat)
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|
||||
| diphtheria | membrane formation
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|
||||
| What are the infections of the middle respiratory tract? 3x | 1. croup 2. acute epiglottitis 3. bronchiolitis
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|
||||
| Croup | barking cough , parainfluenza virus, <3yrs
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|
||||
| Acute epiglottitis | H. influenzae B (bacteria), immunization, 3-7yrs
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|
||||
| Bronchiolitis | respiratory syncitial virus
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|
||||
| parainfluenza virus | flu, croup
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|
||||
| H. influenzae B | acute epiglottitis
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|
||||
| respiratory syncitial virus | bronchiolitis
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|
||||
| interstitial pneumonia | = atypical pneumonia
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|
||||
| lobar pneumonia | (blank)
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|
||||
| bronchopneumonia | (blank)
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|
||||
| Where do you get typical pneumonia? | 1. community 2. hospital 3. travel/exotic
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|
||||
| Community acquired pneumonia | strep, staph, hemophilus
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|
||||
| streptococcus | typical pneumonia
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|
||||
| hemophilus | typical pneumonia
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|
||||
| staphlococcus | typical pneumonia
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|
||||
| Hospital acquired pneumonia | gram (-)
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|
||||
| gram (-) | Hospital acquired pneumonia
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|
||||
| hematogenous | route of infection: blood
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|
||||
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | atypical pneumonia
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|
||||
| Legionella pneumophilia | atypical pneumonia (standing water)
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|
||||
| pleuritis | inflam of pleural cavity
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|
||||
| pyothorax | pus in pleural cavity
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|
||||
| empyema | loculated pus in pleural cavity
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|
||||
| bronchiectasis | chronic dilation of bronchi tubes
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|
||||
| chronic lung disease | unresponsive to drugs
🗑
|
||||
| CBC | complete blood count
🗑
|
||||
| differential test | lab test: # WBC
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|
||||
| arterial blood gas | lab test: hypoxnia?
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|
||||
| rigors | shiver
🗑
|
||||
| dyspnea | difficult breathing
🗑
|
||||
| mucopurulent discharges | pneunomia
🗑
|
||||
| primary TB | (blank)
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|
||||
| secondary TB | reinfection / reactivation
🗑
|
||||
| Ghon complex | lesion + enlarged hilar nodes + granuloma
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|
||||
| hilar nodes | lymph node in lungs
🗑
|
||||
| granuloma | TB + MO + WBC
🗑
|
||||
| caseous necrosis | TB
🗑
|
||||
| Acid fast stain | TB (Ziehl-Nielsen) lab test
🗑
|
||||
| Ziehl-Nielsen | TB acid fast stain lab test
🗑
|
||||
| DNA Probes | TB lab test
🗑
|
||||
| multi-drug regimen | TB
🗑
|
||||
| Pneumonary function test | tell you whether it's obstructive or restrictive
🗑
|
||||
| Asthma (defn) | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| reactive airway disease | asthma
🗑
|
||||
| 2 types of asthma | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| eczema | asthma atopic diseases associated
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|
||||
| smooth muscle contraction | asthma
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|
||||
| bronchi contriction | asthma
🗑
|
||||
| status asthmaticus | bronchodilators no use
🗑
|
||||
| unremitting asthma attack | persistant asthma attack
🗑
|
||||
| steriods | asthma
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases | 1. chronic bronchitis 2. emphysema 3. bronchiectasis
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic bronchitis | smoking. excessive sputum
🗑
|
||||
| Emphysema | smoking. dilation of distal air space. 2 types
🗑
|
||||
| 2 types of emphysema | (blank)
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|
||||
| centrilobular emphysema | center of a lobule dilated
🗑
|
||||
| panlobular emphysema | all air space in a lobule dilated
🗑
|
||||
| alpha-1-anti-trypsin deficiency | panlobular emphysema
🗑
|
||||
| alpha-1-anti-trypsin | inactivate proteases
🗑
|
||||
| Bronchiectasis | wall damage, so permanent dilation of bronchus
🗑
|
||||
| Pink puffer | empysema, overexpand chest "barrel chest", use accessory muscle, hyperventilate "puff"
🗑
|
||||
| Blue bloater | Chronic bronchitis. obesed. cyanosis (hypoxemia)
🗑
|
||||
| barrel chest | overinflated lungs, pink puffer
🗑
|
||||
| lung compliance | lung flexibility
🗑
|
||||
| restrictive lung disease | lost of lung function, honeycomb lung (end stage)
🗑
|
||||
| types of restrictive lung diseases | 1. organic (hypersensitive pneumonitis) 2. inorganic (pneumoconioses) 3. non-caeseatig granulomas (sarcoidosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Hypersensitive pneumonitis | restrictive. inhaled organ dust. type 3/4
🗑
|
||||
| farmer's lung | inhaled moldy hay (restrictive)
🗑
|
||||
| pigeon fancier's lung | inhaled pigeon droppings (restrictive)
🗑
|
||||
| pneumoconioses | restrictive. inhaled inorganic dusts.
🗑
|
||||
| Coal-worker's lung | coal & silica (miners)
🗑
|
||||
| silicosis | inhaled silica particles (sand blaster, miners, stone cutters)
🗑
|
||||
| asbestosis | inhaled asbesto (shipyard, insulation) -- 1. pleural plaques 2. lung cancer 3. mesothelioma
🗑
|
||||
| sarcoidosis | non-caeseating granuloma, systemic
🗑
|
||||
| steriod | treat: sarcoidosis, asthma, SRDS
🗑
|
||||
| Drowning: 2 types | (blank)
🗑
|
||||
| wet drowning 90% | hypertonic seawater , pulmonary edema
🗑
|
||||
| hypertonic sea water drowining | pulmonary edema
🗑
|
||||
| dry drowning 10% | reflex largyngospasm (close glottis)
🗑
|
||||
| reflex largyngospasm | close glottis (drowning) -- can save
🗑
|
||||
| ARDS | adult repiratory distress syndrom
🗑
|
||||
| adult repiratory distress syndrom | high death rate. sudden respiratory failure, even O2 no use. shock...
🗑
|
||||
| atelectasis | collapse of alveoli (1surfactant, 2compress, 3obstruction by tumor-resorp air stuck)
🗑
|
||||
| atelectasis (cause) | 1surfactant, 2compress, 3obstruction by tumor-resorp air stuck
🗑
|
||||
| dyspnea | shortness of breathe
🗑
|
||||
| laryngeal carcinoma | squamous cell carcinoma, smoking/alcohol, hoarness loss of voice
🗑
|
||||
| lung cancer (risk factors) | smoke, asbestos, radiation, arsenic/chrmoium metals, genetic
🗑
|
||||
| arsenic, chrmoium | lung cancer
🗑
|
||||
| What is a common site for metastatic tumor? | lung
🗑
|
||||
| adenocarcinoma | lung cancer @ peripheral solitary nodule (most common)
🗑
|
||||
| squamous cell carcinoma | lung cancer @ more centrally located, difficult to remove
🗑
|
||||
| small cell carcinoma | lung cancer . over secretion of ADH (hormone)
🗑
|
||||
| pneumothorax | air in pleural cavity - lung collapse
🗑
|
||||
| pleural effusion | fluid in pleural cavity
🗑
|
||||
| secondary pleuritis | from primary pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| pleural tumor | mesothelioma (asbesto)
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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