Gym instructor
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| Cardiovascular system | consists of heart and blood vessels
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| heart | myocardium - 4 chambered pump made of cardiac muscle
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| left atrium | receives oxygenated blood through pulmonary veins from lungs
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| right atrium | recives de-oxygenated blood from body and tissues via vena cava
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| left ventricle | pumps blood to body and tissues via the aorta (oxygenated)
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| right ventricle | pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary artery (de-oxygenated)
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| atrioventricular valves | biscuspid or mitral (left)/ triscuspid (right) prevent backflow from ventricles to atria
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| how does blood flow | lungs (O2 blood) - pulmonary vein, L atrium, bicuspid valve, L ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries - gaseuos exchange - (CO2) capillaries, venules, veins, inf/sup vena cava, R atrium, tricuspid valve, R ventricle, pulmonary ateries, lungs
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| the cardiac cycle | complete heartbeat, consisting of systole and diastole of both atria and ventricles (artia contract while ventricles relax and vice versa)
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| systole | contraction phase
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| diastole | relaxation phase
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| atrial diastole | atria relax and fill with blood
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| atrial systole | atria contract, pushing blood through atrioventricular valves into ventricles
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| ventricular diastole | ventricles relax and fill with blood
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| ventricular systole | full ventricle contracts, forcing blood into aorta and pulmonary arteries and against atrioventricular valves, closing them
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| what is an ecg | electrocardiograph - records electrical changes which occur when the heart contracts.
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| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected from ventricles when they contract (average 70ml healthy adult at rest)
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| cardiac output | stroke volume x heart rate (bpm)
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| tachycardia | fast heart rate (over 100bpm)
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| bradycardia | slow heart rate (under 60bpm)
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| factors affecting stroke volume | pre-load, after-load, contractillity of ventricles
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| pre-load | Increased volume of blood in ventricle (caused by venous pressure),resulting in more forecful contraction and increased stroke volume
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| after-load | blood left in ventricle after contraction determined by arterial pressure and force of contraction.
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| contractillity of ventricles | myocardium reponds to training stimulus like other muscles and will be come stronger leading to more forceful contractions and more blood being pumped per beat
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| coronary circulation | blood supply to heart. myocardium extracts 70-75% of available oxygen (skeletal muscle 25%)
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| coronary arteries | branch off the aorta and pierce myocardium. majority of blood flows during diastolic phase of cardiac cycle
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| factors affecting coronary supply | narrowing of arteries (arterioscleroris -fatty deposits), time spent in diastole, pressure in aorta, blood oxygen carrying capacity (amenia etc)
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| factors affecting coronary demand | heart rate, myocardial mass, contractillity, ventricular wall tension (pre/after-load)
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| myocardial ischemia | inadequate blood/oxygen supply to coronary arteries (resulting in chest pains - angina)
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| myocardial infarction | complete lack of blood and oxygen to myocardium (heart attack)
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| arteries | thick muscular elastic walls to handle blood under pressure, carry blood oxygenated blood away from heart to tissues
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| veins | thin in-elastic walls as deoxygentaed blood under less pressure returning to heart from tissues, valve system prevents back flow. musclular pressure assists blood flow back to heart.
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| capillaries | thin walls 1 cell thick allow gases to pass through easily, no valves, blood under low/moderates pressure (gaseous exchange takes place)
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| vasoconstriction | decrease in blood vessel diameter
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| vasodilation | increase in blood vessel diameter
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| pulmonary circulation | rought of deoxygenated blood: right ventricle-pulmonary arterty-lungs-pulmonary vein-left atrium
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| systemic circulation | route of oxygenated blood: left ventricle-aorta-all body tissues (except lungs)-vena cava-right atrium
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