Biochemistry
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| Lipids | provide energy, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
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| Classes of Lipids | triglycerides, glycerolphospholipids, waxes, steroids
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| Triglycerides | made from 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
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| Glycerolphosholipids | made from 1 glycerine, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate
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| Waxes | 1 fatty acid, & 1 alcohol, is an ester
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| Steroids | 4 ring system, contain a 4 ring system called steroid nucleus
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| Fatty Acids | 10-22 carbons, all even number of carbon, saturate of unsaturated
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| Saturated fatty acids | solid at room temp, high melting points
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| Unsaturated fatty acids | liquid at room temp, low melting point, in nature are cis
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| Palmitic acid | saturated, C15H31COOH
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| Stearic Acid | saturated, C17H35Cooh
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| Oleic Acid | unsaturated, 1db, C17H33COOH (w-9)
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| Linoleic Acid | unsaturated, 2db, C17H31COOH (w-6)
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| Linolenic Acid | unsaturated, 3db, C17H29COOH (w-3)
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| Essential fatty acids | body cannot make, must be obtained in diet, oleic linoleic and linolenic acid
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| Fat vs Oil | Fat solid, high melting point, saturated
Oil liquid, low melting point, unsaturated
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| Monosaccharides | polyalcohol, 1 aldehyde or ketone, 3-10 carbons, do not break down
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| Dissaccharides | two monosaccharides
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| Maltose | grain sugar, glucose + glucose
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| Lactose | milk sugar, glucose + galactose
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| Sucrose | table sugar, glucose + fructose
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| Polysaccharides | large, many monosaccharides bonded by glycosidic bond
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| Proteins | most important and largest family of biochemicals, have nitrogen and some have sugar, made from alpha amino acids
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| Proteins in nature, d or l? | only have L
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| Cystine makes __ bonds | disulfide
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| Glycine has no | chiral center
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| primary structure | peptide bond
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| secondary structure | h-bond on backbone
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| tertiary structure | side chains can: h-bond, salt bridge, hydrophobic, disulfide
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| fibrous protein | insoluble
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| globular protein | soluble in blood and water
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| Oxidoreductase | oxidation/ reduction
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| hydrolase | add/ remove water
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| isomerase | changes one isomer to another
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| ligase | connects two molecules using ATP
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| Lyase | Adds/ removes double bond without water
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| transferase | transfers OH, NH, CH3.. from one molecule to another
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| Allosteric Enzyme | has more than 1 binding site, use other binding site to regulate activity
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| Zymogens | become active as needed
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| Competitive inhibitor | resembles substrate, reversible- active site remains, irreversible- active site destroyed
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| Noncompetitive inhibitor | does not resemble substrate, reversible- no shape change, irreversible- shape change
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| Nucleic acids | polymers made of monomers called nucleotides, made of sugar phosphate & base
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| DNA | Nucleus, store & transfer genetic code
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| RNA | outside nucleus, synthesize protein
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| Heterocyclic | have N in ring
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| Nucleoside | base & sugar
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| Nucleotide | base, sugar & po4
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| mRNA | carries info from DNA to cell to help synthesis of protein
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| tRNA | picks up specific AAs for protein synthesis
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| rRNA | helps synthesis of protein
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| DNA replication | making new DNA using polymerase
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| Transcription | synthesis of RNA with use of info from DNA
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| Translation | synthesis of a specific protein using mRNA
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| Amylopectin | storage of energy in plats
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| Amylose bond | alpha 1,4
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| Glycogen bond | alpha 1,4 & alpha 1,6
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| Cellulose bond | beta 1,4
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