Membrane and Cell potential
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| Membranes | Boundary that seperates the Cell from its nonliving surroundings.
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| Selective Permeability | Allows some substances to cross, but not others
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| Other Membranes | Have the same principle of traffic in internal membranes of eukaryotic cell
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| Cellular Membranes | Lipds and proteins make up the membrane, phospholipids are most abundant
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| Amphipathic | Hydrophillic and hydrophobic section like phospholipids and protiens
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| Fluid Model | Proteins attached or embedded in a phospholipid bilayer
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| Sandwich model | A phospholipid bilayer between two layers of proteins
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| What are the two problems of a sandwich model? | Generalization that all cell membranes were identical and the placement of proteins do not varry...in reality they do
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| What holds membranes together? | Hydrophobic interactions, weaker than covalent bonds
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| Phospholipids moves in what way? | Side to side
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| What happens to the membrane as the temperature decreases? | Becomes fluid
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| How can the membrane remain fluid at a lower temperature? | Have unsaturated tails
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| Where is cholestrol in the cell? | Wedged between phospholipids
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| What does cholestrol do for the cell? | It is a temperature buffer, packs phospholipids together and makes membrane more solid
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| Warm temp of cholestrol does... | restrain movement of phoospholipids--less fluid membrane
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| Cool temp of cholestrol does... | Inhibits closer packing of phospholipids--more fluid
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| Proteins are where with respect to the mosiac model? | They are the mosiac part, they determine the function
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| Integral proteins: | Inside cell, have hydrophillic outside cell, hydrophic, in cell membrane
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| Peripheral protiens: | Appendages bound in suface of membrand
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| What are the six functions of the membrane protein? | 1) Transport 2) Enzymic activity (Metabolic pathway) 3) Signal Transduction (delays message) 4) recogniztion (Glycoproteins serve as ID 5)Intercellular joining--Gap or right junc hook 6)Attach cskel and ECM--proteins coordinate xchange, maintains shape
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| How do carbs aid in cell-Cell recognition | Their location in cell...
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| Carbs | Surface molecules in plasma membrane
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| Glycolipids | Covently bonded lipids and carbs
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| Glycoproteins: | Covalently bonded proteins and carbs
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| Cytoplasmic: | Inside
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| Extracellular | Outside
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| N terminus | Outside
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| C Terminus | Inside
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| What happens when a vesicle fuses? | The inside and outside switch
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| What do the Golgi and Er do? | Synthesice proteins and lipids
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| Supramolecular Structure: | Many molecules that make up a more organized structure
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| Hydrophobic and permeability | Nonpolar--Pass with ease through membrane...such as CO2, Oxygen
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| Hydrophillic and permeability | Polar--Pass slowly, such as sugars
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| Transport Proteins | Allow hydrophillic proteins to pass through cell
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| Channel Proteins | Has a hydrophillic channel that allows ions through
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| Carrier Proteins: | Need ATP, change chape and hold substance in a way that lets them shuttle through membrane--Used for glucose
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| How does the movement of substances works in a carrier protein | It is down a concentration gradient
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| Passive Transport | Diffusion of substance accross membrane without ATP, down a concentration gradient--Such as simple diffusion, osmosis, facillitated diffusion
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| Diffusion | Spreading out evenly in cell
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| Faccilliated Diffusion: | Passive transport aided by integral proteins
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| What are the three rules of diffusion? | 1) Down Gradient 2) No ATP needed 3) Unaffected by other transport
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| Osmosis: | Movement of water accross semi-permeable membrane
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| Osmoregulation | Water Balance
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| Tonicity: | Gain and loss of water
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| Isotonic | Solute concentrate outsie cell equal to that in the inside
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| Hypertonic (Acritic) | Solutes outside greater than inside (cell gain Water)
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| Hypotonic | Solute outside less than inside (cell loses water)
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| Animal cells are happy when they are Hyper, Iso, or Hypo? | When they are Isotonic
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| What has plant cell walls? | Plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protists
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| Turgid: | Solic, happy in this form.
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| Flaccid: | cell unhappy when it is hypertonic or isotonic
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| Active Transport: | Uses ATP and carrier proteins to move solutes against concentration gradient
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| How does active transport work? | The way the Sodium potasium pump works.
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| What is the first step of the sodium potasium pump? | 1) 3 sodiums bind to carrier protein, a phosphate (creating ADP) is broken and this releases energy for the process of changing the shape of the pump
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| What is the second step of the sodium potasium pump? | Two potasium ion enter the pump and trigger the release of the phosphate, which changes the shape of the pump, and allows it to release the potasium on the inside....this cycle repeats itself
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| Membrane Potential: | Voltage accross the membrane
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| Voltage: | Electrical Potential
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| What is the charge of the inside of the cell: | Negative
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| What does the fact that the cell is ---------- charged do for the cation anion interaction? | Cations go in cell, anions come out
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| What are the two forces that drive diffusion? | 1) Chemical forces (ion's concentration gradient) 2) Electrical Force (effect of membrane potential)
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| Electrochemical gradient: | Ions diffuse down this gradient based on the two forces that drive diffusion so that cell potential is maintaned
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| Electrogenic Pumps: and give an example in plants and animal cells | Generates voltage using a carrier protein and requires ATP: The sodium potasium pump in animals: and the Proton (H+ pump) in plants, fungi, bacteria
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| Cotransport: | A solute transport allows another solte to transport indirectly
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| Bulk Transport: | The way macromoleclues travel through membrane
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| Exocytosis: | Transport vesicles move to membrane, fuse with it, and release contents
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| What are the three steps of Exocytosis? | 1) Budding of Golgi and move along mictrotubles 2) Lipid molecules of bilayers rearenge to allow fusion 3) Spill contents and become part of membrane (Example: Hormone insulin)
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| Endo Cytosis: | Takes in macromolecules by forming new vesicles from membrane: Outside becomes inside
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| What are the three types of endocytosis? | Phagoctosis (particle is surrounded by a vacuole--digested when hyrophillic enzyme of a lysosome fuses with it. PinoCytosis: "Gulps fluids and cares about molecules dissolved in fluid" Receptor Endocytosis: Pit foms a vesicle of ligand moleculesm dissovle
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| Metabolism | Total chemical reaction, manages meateria and energy resources of the cell
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| Cellular Respiration: | Process of oxidizing food moleculles to carbon dioxide and water, releases ATP
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| Goal of the Cell: | To make and convert Energy
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| Enzymes: | Catalyzes metabolic pathway
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| Catabolic Pathway | Breaking down molecules and releases energy (Cellular respiration)-------Downhill
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| Anabolic Pathway: | Cosumes energy to make complicated molecules from simple ones (Bio synthetic) (Making a protein from an amino acid-----Uphill
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| Kinetic Energy: | Energy of motion
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| Heat or Thermal: | Kinetic energy of atoms or molecules
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| Potential energy: | Energy possessed by matter
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| Chemical Energy: | Potential energy available for rlease in a chemical reaction Ex) Glucose being high...fruit and vegetables
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| 2 laws of Thermodynamics | Energy can't be crated or deteroyed, but transferred, 2) Energy transfer increases entropy of universe
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| Entropy: | Randomenss (rusting of car)
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| Enthalpy: | Heat in a system
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| Free Energy: | Energy able to do work under cellular conditions
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| What is the gibbs equation | Delta G equals change in enthalpy minus temp change in entropy
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| When is the energy spontaneous | When delta G is negative
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