origins, insertions and muscle actions
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| iliopsoas | O-lip of ilium, sacroiliac: lumbar and thoracic vertebrae | I-femur | A-hip flexion, lateal flexion of spine
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| Sartorius | O-iliac spine | I-tibia | knee flexion, hip abduction, lateral rotation and flexion
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| gluteus maximus | O-ilium, sacrum, coccyx, lumbar fascia | I-femur | hip extension, lateral rotation, adduction?
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| gluteus medius/maximus | O-ilium | I-femur | abduct thigh at hip, medial rotation of thigh
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| adductor (brevis, Magnus, longus) and pectineus | O-pubis and ischium | I-femur (posterior shaft) | adducts, flexes and medially rotates thigh
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| Rectus Femoris | O-ilium | I-knee via patella tendon | hip flexion, knee extension
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| Vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedialis | O-femur | I-knee via patella tendon | knee extension
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| bicep femoris | O-ischium | I-tibia, fibula | knee flexion, hip extension
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| semimembranosus/semitendinosus | O-ischium | I-tibia | knee flexion, hip extension
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| tibialis anterior | O-tibia | I-first metatarsal | dorsi flexion and inversion of foot at intertarsal joint
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| gastrocnemius | O-femur | I-ankle via achilles tendon | plantar flexes foot, assists in knee flexion and dorsi flexion
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| soleus | O-tibia and fibula | I-ankle via achilles tendon | plantar flexion of foot
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| rectus abdominus | O-pubis | I-base of sternum, cartilage of ribs | lumbar flexion, lateral flexion, pelvic stabiliser
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| external obliques | O-lower ribs, side of chest-serratus anterior muscle | I-linea alba, ilium | lumbar flexion, compresses abdomen, rotation and lateral flexion when working unilaterally
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| internal obliques | O-lumbar fascia, ilium | I-thoracic and lumbar vertebrae | lumbar flexion, compresses abdomen, stabilizes spine, rotation and lateral flexion (unilaterally)
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| transverse abdominus | O-ilium, lumbar fascia, cartilages of inferior ribs, | I-linea alba and pubis | compresses abdomen
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| erector spinae | O-ilium and vetebral processess | I-vertebrae and ribs | extension and hyperextension of vertebrae, contraction on one side = lateral flexion and rotation
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| quadratus lumborum | O-upper lumbar vertebrae and lower rib | I-lumbar vertebrae | lateral flexion, stabilises lumbar spine, both sides together extends lumbar spine
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| multifidus | O-sacrum, ilium, lumbar, thoracic and cervical vertebrae | I-vertebral processess | together extends vertebrae, laterally flexes and rotates head to side opposite contracting muscles
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| sternoclediomastoid | O-sternum and clavicle | I-mastoid process | lateral flexion and rotation of head
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| scalenus | O-cervical vetebrae | I-upper 2 ribs | elevate rib cage, aids breathing
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| splenius | O-cervical vetebrae and 1s t3-4 ribs | I-mastoid process | extension and hyper extension
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| trapezius | O-cervical and thoracic vertebrae | I-clavicle, acromiom spine of scapula | elevate, adduct, retract, depresses and rotates scapula
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| rhomboids | O-cervical, and thoracic vertebrae | I-vertebral border of scapula | elevates, adducts and rotates scapula downwards (also stabilises)
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| serratus anterior | O-superior 8 or 9 ribs | I-vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula | abducts scapula and rotates scapula upwards, elevates ribs
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| pectoralis minor | O-ribs 3 to 5 | I-coracoid process of scapula | depresses, abducts scapula and rotates it down, elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inspiration
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| deltoids | O-Acromion process and clavicle, spine of scapula | I-top of humerus | abduction of shoulder, anterior - flexes and medially rotates arm at shldr, posterior- extend and laterally rotates arm
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| pectoralis major | O- clavicle, sternum, cartilages of ribs 2-6 | I-top of the humerus | horizontol adduction, flexion and medial rotation of arm at shoulder
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| lattissimus dorsi | O-inferior thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae sacrum and ilium, inferior 4 ribs | I-top of humerus laterally | extends, adducts medially rotates arm at shoulder, depresses shoulder girdle
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| rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor) | O-scapula fossas, and lateral border | I-top of humerus | subscapularis - medially rotates arm, supraspinatus - assists deltoids in abduction, infraspinatus - laterally rotates and adducts arm
teres major - extension, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder
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| biceps brachii | O- supraglenoid tubercle and coracoid process of scapula | I- top of radius | flexes forearm at elbow, arm at shoulder, supinats forearm at radio ulna joint
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| brachialis | O- distal, anterior part of humerus | I-top of ulna | flexes forearm at elbow
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| brachioradialis | O-medial and lateral distal humerus | I-lateral and distally on radius | flexes, supinates and pronates forearm at elbow
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| triceps | O-long head - scapula above glenoid cavity, lateral/medial heads - humerus | I-olecranon of ulna | extends forearm at elbow, and arm at shoulder
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| Gracilis | O- pubis | I-tibia (medial condyle) |
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