Processing
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| take out water | dehydrating
🗑
|
||||
| replace alcohol w/a reagent miscible w/parafin | clearing
🗑
|
||||
| impregnation, permeation | infiltration
🗑
|
||||
| infiltration w/a supporting medium | embedding
🗑
|
||||
| chem reagent that can be used for dehydrating and clearing steps in tissue processor. | universal solvent
🗑
|
||||
| volatile oils have odor of plant from which they are made | essential oil
🗑
|
||||
| water soluble (polyethylene glycols) | carbowax
🗑
|
||||
| substance that changes one ion for another. used in decalcification and exchange an ammonium ion for the calcium ion removed from tissue | ion exchange
🗑
|
||||
| absorbs water from air so use it over a drying chemical like drierite or an anhydrous calcium chloriee | acetone
🗑
|
||||
| removing calcium from bone | decalcification
🗑
|
||||
| must be mixable with both dehydrating agent and infiltration medium | clearing agents
🗑
|
||||
| organic compounds that have property of binding certain metals, | chelating agent
🗑
|
||||
| capable of mixing or being mixed | miscible
🗑
|
||||
| alcohol, dioxane, acetone, tetrahydrofuran | dehydrating agents
🗑
|
||||
| xylene, toluene, benzene, acetone, chloroform, cedarwood oil, tetrhydrofuran, dioxane, limonene derivatives, aliphatic hydrocarbons | clearing agents
🗑
|
||||
| infiltration medium | paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| dealcoholization agents | clearing agents
🗑
|
||||
| inadequate clearing | inadequate infiltration
🗑
|
||||
| soft, mushy tissue | inadequate clearing, inadequate infiltration results in
🗑
|
||||
| hard, brittle tissue | prolonged period in clearing agent
🗑
|
||||
| most widely used clearing agent, used in processing and staining | xylene
🗑
|
||||
| prolonged treatment w/xylene during processing | tissue becomes overhardened
🗑
|
||||
| rapid in displacing alcohol, mixiable w/paraffin | xylene
🗑
|
||||
| turns cloudy in presence of water | xylene
🗑
|
||||
| has PEL of 100ppm, use w/adequate ventilation | xylene
🗑
|
||||
| doesnt overharden as much as xylene | toluene
🗑
|
||||
| best aromatic clearing agent | toluene
🗑
|
||||
| fast acting, doesnt overharden like xylene | benzene
🗑
|
||||
| hardens muscle,tendon and uterus more than toluene | benzene
🗑
|
||||
| evaporates rapidly from paraffin bath | benzene
🗑
|
||||
| when using this clearing agent, the paraffin used for infiltration does not require rotaion and changing as frequently as w/o clearing agents | benzene
🗑
|
||||
| carcinoge, affects blood and bone marrow | benzene
🗑
|
||||
| leaves tissue less brittle than xylene | chloroform
🗑
|
||||
| penetrates slowly, makes clearing a longer process | chloroform
🗑
|
||||
| use in tightly covered containers | chloroform
🗑
|
||||
| desiccates (dries) connective tissue | chloroform
🗑
|
||||
| very volatile, makes fluid levels difficult to maintain in open processor | chloroform and benzene
🗑
|
||||
| causes formation of phosgene | heating chloroform
🗑
|
||||
| a toxic gas | phosgene
🗑
|
||||
| PEL 50ppm, it is carcinogenic | chloroform
🗑
|
||||
| low boiling point 58C, will boil off and be replaced by paraffin | acetone
🗑
|
||||
| can also be used for dehydration | acetone
🗑
|
||||
| Universal solvent | acetone
🗑
|
||||
| show more shrinkage than those cleared with xylene | tissues cleared w/acetone
🗑
|
||||
| are very volatile | essential oils
🗑
|
||||
| volality is not sufficient to allow ready replacment during paraffing infiltration | essential oils
🗑
|
||||
| if oil remains in tissue, microtomy is difficult | essential oils
🗑
|
||||
| remove w/an aromatic hydrocarbon clearing agent | essential oils
🗑
|
||||
| best known most widely used of the oils | cedarwood oil
🗑
|
||||
| clears alcohol dehydrated tissue quickly and doesnt cause further shrinkage | cedarwood oil
🗑
|
||||
| hardens and damages tissue less than and other known clearing agent | cedarwood oil
🗑
|
||||
| tissue may remain in this oil indefinitely | cedarwood oil
🗑
|
||||
| are expensive reagents and are not used routinely | essential oils
🗑
|
||||
| have become popular during last dacade and have a strong citrus odor | limonene reagents
🗑
|
||||
| irritant, sensitizer in concetrated from, causes allergic reactions | limonene reagents
🗑
|
||||
| causes difficulty breathing, headaches | limonene reagents
🗑
|
||||
| PELS are unavailable for inhalation toxicity | limonene reagents
🗑
|
||||
| harden tissue less than xyelene but they cause more contamination of the paraffin | limonene reagents
🗑
|
||||
| when used in staining, these reagents are greasier | limonene reagents
🗑
|
||||
| newest class of clearing agent | aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes)
🗑
|
||||
| they are low in reactivity and toxicity | aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes)
🗑
|
||||
| they are nonirritant and nonsensitizing | aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes)
🗑
|
||||
| they have an 8hour exposure limit of 300ppm | aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes)
🗑
|
||||
| used in histo, they penetrate tissue faster, remove fat effectively and allow coverslips to dry in usual manner | light weight (short chains)aliphatics
🗑
|
||||
| they dont tolerate water and they are incompatible with some mounting media | disadvantage of aliphatics
🗑
|
||||
| difficult to use in areas of high humidity | aliphatic hydrocarbons
🗑
|
||||
| can be used on all tissue processors and automated stainers | aliphatic hydrocarbons
🗑
|
||||
| not recommended for use on automatic coverslippers | aliphatic hydrocarbons
🗑
|
||||
| dioxane, tertiary butanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetone | universal solvent (dehydrating and clearing)
🗑
|
||||
| adequate reagent volume must be maintained | to ensure high quality tissue sections
🗑
|
||||
| have a schedule for the processor. rotate and change the reagents | to ensure consistant section quality
🗑
|
||||
| holds cells and intracellular structures, while thin sections are cut | embedding media
🗑
|
||||
| most popular embedding media, large amounts of tissue can be processed in a short time | paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| is inert mixture of hydrocarbons produced by craking of petroleum | paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| contains beeswax, rubber and other waxes or plastics | commercial paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| formed when the firs section cut adheres to microtome knife | ribbons
🗑
|
||||
| paraffin becomes harder and provides better support for hard tissue | melting point increases
🗑
|
||||
| wax becomes soft and provides less suport for hard tissue | melting point decreases
🗑
|
||||
| should be matched to the hardness of tissue to be sectioned | paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| enhance ability of paraffin compounds to provide support for hard tissues | additives
🗑
|
||||
| 55C to 58C | melting point of paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| tissue should remain in it the shortest time necessary for good infiltration | paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| prolonged heat causes shrinkage and hardening | paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| keep supply at 2C to 4C above the melting point | paraffin supply
🗑
|
||||
| tissues exposed to overheated paraffin will overhaden, and section quality will be changed, tissue will not be effected | paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| must be recorded daily | paraffin temp
🗑
|
||||
| will become contaminated w/clearing agentm, if it is not changed and monitored frequently | paraffin
🗑
|
||||
| three changes of paraffin are recommended | for infiltration
🗑
|
||||
| aided by vacumm | paraffin infiltration
🗑
|
||||
| staining problems | overprocessing
🗑
|
||||
| difficult to process on the same processing cycle should be processed overinght on an open processor w/o heat and vaccum | bx, uterus, breast and large specimens
🗑
|
||||
| dehydrates | alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| PEL 1,000 ppm | Ethyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| clear,colorless,flammable | Ethyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| drinkable, controlled by federal goverment, troublesome record keeping is required, reliable, fast acting, best dehydrant | Ethyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| is hydrophillic | Ethyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| mixable with water as well as organic solvents in all proportions | Ethyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| should be used in sequence of solutions that gradually increase in concentration | Ethyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| dehydration process is started at 95%, followed by absolute alcohol | Ehtyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| causes excessive shrinkage and hardening | Ethyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| poisonous and rarely used | Methyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| flammable, unpleasant odor, clear, colorless | Methyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| PEL of 200 | Methyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| overexposure causes blindness and death | Methyl alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| substitute for ethanol | isopropanol
🗑
|
||||
| no goverment restrictions. doesnt harden or shrink tissue as much as ethanol | isopropanol
🗑
|
||||
| mildly irratant to eyes, nose, throat | isopropanol
🗑
|
||||
| PEL of 400 ppm | isopropanol
🗑
|
||||
| good dehydrant for plant and animal | butanol
🗑
|
||||
| pronounced odor and low dehydrating power.requires long period for dehydration | butanol
🗑
|
||||
| excellent dehydrant for slow processing | butanol
🗑
|
||||
| causes less shrinkage and hardening than ethanol | butanol
🗑
|
||||
| rapid reacting, less expensive, causes excessive shrinkage | acetone
🗑
|
||||
| PEL 1,000ppm | acetone
🗑
|
||||
| flammable, flash point of -17c | acetone
🗑
|
||||
| referred to as emebedding medium. holds cells and intracellular structures in proper relationship while thin sections are cut | infiltration media
🗑
|
||||
| Where the tissue cassettes are transported from one solution to next | open system processor
🗑
|
||||
| no vacuum used | open system processor
🗑
|
||||
| the tissue is stationary and fluids are pumped in and out of the closed chamber holding the tissue cassette | closed system processor
🗑
|
||||
| uses vacuum | closed system processor
🗑
|
||||
| different protocols based on open or closed system | processor solutions and times
🗑
|
||||
| shorter processing cycle is used for bx specimens so they wont be overhardened | processing time
🗑
|
||||
| casting or blocking | embedding
🗑
|
||||
| enclosing the tissue in the infiltration medium used for processing and then allowing the medium to solidify | embedding
🗑
|
||||
| is determined by the embedding medium used | method of processing
🗑
|
||||
| side down in the cassette is the side down in the mold | embedding reminders
🗑
|
||||
| upside can be notched or inked | embedding reminders
🗑
|
||||
| tissue should be in center of mold | embedding reminders
🗑
|
||||
| light pressure should be applied over the entire tissue during orientation and light chilling | embedding reminders
🗑
|
||||
| wipe forceps inbetween samples to prevent forcep metastasis | embedding reminders
🗑
|
||||
| place in a line parallel to the longer axis on the mold | multiple pieces
🗑
|
||||
| shuld be facing one side of the mold not up or down | the epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| embed on diagnol to aid in the ease of sectioning | bone
🗑
|
||||
| GI tract, cysts and gall bladder | tissue w/a wall
🗑
|
||||
| embed on an edge so all layers are showing | GI tract, cysts and gall bladder (tissue w/a wall)
🗑
|
||||
| fallopian tubes, appendix and arteries | Tubular structures
🗑
|
||||
| embed in a cross section so that the lume and all mucosa, submucosa and external muscle layers are obvious | fallopian tubes, appendix and arteries (tubular structures)
🗑
|
||||
| micible w/ lower alcohols, water, ether, chloroform, acetone, benzene, toluene, xylene and melted paraffing | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| same as dioxane in use but less expensive | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| acts rapidly w/o causing excessive shrinkage and hardening | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| can be used to dehydrate and clear stained slides | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| best universal solvent | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| very volatile, offensive odor, explosive peroxides may form, can cause conjuntivities, use in well ventilated room | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| produces less shrinkage than ethanol | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| faster dehydrant than ethanol but m/b used in larger volumes | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| can be reused by treating anhydrous calcium chloride or calcium oxide | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| it has water in it, so if itis left in the tissue, it may shrink it up to 50% during infiltration | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| cummulatively toxic, pronounced odor, rarely used | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| Osha PEL 100ppm, NIOSH PEL 1ppm, carcinogen, flammable | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| expensive, tends to solidify at room temp | tertieary butanol
🗑
|
||||
| most satisfacory method of obtaining F.s. from formalin fxd tissue | 30% sucrose
🗑
|
||||
| micible w/ lower alcohols, water, ether, chloroform, acetone, benzene, toluene, xylene and melted paraffing | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| same as dioxane in use but less expensive | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| acts rapidly w/o causing excessive shrinkage and hardening | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| can be used to dehydrate and clear stained slides | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| best universal solvent | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| very volatile, offensive odor, explosive peroxides may form, can cause conjuntivities, use in well ventilated room | tetrahydrofuran
🗑
|
||||
| produces less shrinkage than ethanol | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| faster dehydrant than ethanol but m/b used in larger volumes | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| can be reused by treating anhydrous calcium chloride or calcium oxide | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| it has water in it, so if itis left in the tissue, it may shrink it up to 50% during infiltration | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| cummulatively toxic, pronounced odor, rarely used | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| Osha PEL 100ppm, NIOSH PEL 1ppm, carcinogen, flammable | dioxane
🗑
|
||||
| expensive, tends to solidify at room temp | tertiary butanol
🗑
|
||||
| inital paraffin infiltration must be half ___ _____ and half paraffin | tertiary butanol
🗑
|
||||
| can be used as a dehydrant in the staining process | tertiary butanol
🗑
|
||||
| odorus, PEL 100ppm | tertiary butanol
🗑
|
||||
| Dealcoholization | clearing
🗑
|
||||
| the removal of alcohol, to make tissue receptive to the infiltration medium | clearing
🗑
|
||||
| used for processing of tissue and staining of microscopic sections | clearing
🗑
|
||||
| hard brittle tissue, sectioning difficult | excessive clearing
🗑
|
||||
| reduces crystal size and increases stickiness and adhesion | beeswax
🗑
|
||||
| reduces brittleness, increases stickiness and maes the formation of ribbons during sectioning | rubber
🗑
|
||||
| other waxes produce smooth texture and smaller crystal size | Paraffin composition
🗑
|
||||
| beeswax,rubber and other waxes | Paraffin composition
🗑
|
||||
| increases the hardness and support | plastics
🗑
|
||||
| infiltrate tissue directly from aqueous fixative | water soluble waxes
🗑
|
||||
| will not infiltrate tissue containing large amounts of fat | carbowax
🗑
|
||||
| cryoprotectant | 30% sucrose
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
nperez
Popular Histology sets