Anatomical Position and Terms of Reference
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| coronal or frontal plane | body plane; vertical division of body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
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| sagittal plane | body plane; vertical division of body into right and left portions
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| transverse plane | body plane; horizontal division of body into upper and lower portions
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| anterior (A) (ventral) | directional term; front of the body
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| posterior (P) (dorsal) | directional term; back of the body
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| anterior-posterior (AP) | directional term; from front to back; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam
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| posterior-anterior (PA) | from back to front; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam
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| superior (cephalic) | directional term; situated above another structure, toward the head
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| inferior (caudal) | directional term; situated below another structure, away from the head
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| proximal | directional term; toward the beginning or origin of a structure
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| distal | directional term; away from the beginning or origin of a structure
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| medial | directional term; toward the middle (midline)
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| lateral | directional term; toward the side
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| axis | directional term; line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
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| erect | body position; normal standing position
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| lateral decubitus | body position; to lie down; lying on the side
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| prone | body position; lying face down and flat
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| recumbent | body position; lying down
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| supine | body position; horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back - "on the spine"
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| flexion | body movement; bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
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| extension | body movement; straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
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| abduction | body movement; movement away from the body
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| adduction | body movement; movement toward the body
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| rotation | body movement; circular movement around an axis
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| eversion | body movement; turning outward
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| inversion | body movement; turning inward
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| supination | body movement; turning upward or forwardof the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)
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| pronation | body movement; turning downward or backward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)
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| dorsiflexion | body movement; bending of the foot or the toes upward
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| plantar flexion | body movement; bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
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| range of motion (ROM) | body movement; total amount of motion in a joint, described by the terms related to body movement (e.g., the elbow flexes to 140 degrees)
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| >>goniometer | instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio=angle); to measure ROM
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