A & P II final
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| The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will form | the embryo
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| The process of cell division that occurs after fertilization is called | cleavage
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| At what age in fetal development is the heart beat first present | 4 weeks or month
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| By day of embryonic development a new layer forms creating the three germ layers this process is called | gastrulation
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| The most important factor affecting the glomerus filtration rate is | the glomerular filtration pressure
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| When implantation first occurs nutrients formed by the trophoblast can easily reach the inner cell mass with simple | Diffusion
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| Embryologic in early fetal development occurs in what trimester | first trimester
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| Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called | autosomes
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| The period of gestation characterized by rapid absolute fetal growth is the what ____ trimester. | Third trimester
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| Sperm production occurs in the | seminiferous tubules
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| Sperm develops from stem cells called | spermatogonia
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| Projections of the tunica albuginea known as septae divide the testis into | lobules
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| The spermatic cord contains | Artery veins, vas deferens, lymphatics blood vessels, nerves
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| Nerves that go through the spermatic cord is called | genital femoral
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| Interstitial cells of Leydig produce | Testerone
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| Another cell along the interstitial cell | Sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells
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| What process occurs during Amphimixis | Fusion of the male and female pronuclei
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| Where does the fertilization of the ovum occur | Fallopian tubes
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| The principle cation in intercellular fluid is | Potassium
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| Hypoventilation would cause _____ acidosis | Respiratory
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| The most significant source of heat in the body is | cellular metabolism
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| Starch is chemically digested by enzymes produced in the | pancreas and salvia
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| Nephron cells that respond to the concentration of filtrate are | JG cells/ Juxtaglomerular cells
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| Micuration is a _____ reflex | Sacral
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| Prolonged vomiting can result in | Metabolic alkalosis
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| The primary role of the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system is to | Maintaining a stable pH counteracting the production of hydrogen ions from organic fixed acids
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| One of the effect of ADH is | Water retention
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| Accumulation of excess fluid in the tissue is called | Edema
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| Water transports between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid occurs by | osmosis Calcium reabsorption by the kidney is promoted by the hormone - PTH (parathyroid hormone)
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| Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism | ADH
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| A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of _______acidosis/alkalosis | Respiratory acidosis
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| In the core of each villus, there is a lymph capillary called? | Lacteal
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| The wave like smooth muscle contraction that move foodstuffs through the alimentary canal is called? | peristalsis
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| The chemical digestion starting with the mouth is? | carbohydrates
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| The chemical digestion starting at the stomach is? | proteins
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| The sheets of peritoneal membrane that extends to the digestive organs. | mesentery
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| The segment of small intestine that connects to the cecum? | Ileum
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| The primary dentition consists of the deciduous teeth. | There are 20 deciduous teeth that fall out before the age of 12
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| What are the stomach epithelium cells that secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor? | parietal cells
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| Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the? | Proteins and peptide fragments
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| The bile from gallbladder | Drains through pancreas to duodenum
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| The stomach parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential in the absorption of | Vtamin B12
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| Hepatocytes do not | do not secrete digestive enzymes
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| Which of the following is not an anatomic characteristic of the colon? | pilcae circulars
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| The function of the globlet cells in the intestinal wall is? | Produce mucus that protects the intestinal wall.
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| The fluid secreted into the small intestine that contains emulsify that fat is | Bile
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| Struction of tooth includes | A thin periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in the alveolus
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| A baby with an abnormal plyloric valve has a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding because of the frequent loss of gastric juices the blood test will likely indicate | Alkalosis (pH value too high)
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| The longest portion of the alimentary canal is | jejunum
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| Fat is broken down to fatty acids and monoglysarides and formed ______ to be transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph. | Chorea
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| Which of the following has all the parts in proper sequence | cecum, ascending colon, transeverse colon, descending colon see pg 834
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| The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for nerons and red blood cells is | Glucose
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| Anabolism includes reations in which | Large molecules or structure are built from smaller ones.
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| The process of breaking triglyceride down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as | Lipolysis
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| Lipogensis occurs when | there is a shortage of fatty acids.
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| Glycogen is formed in the liver during the | absorptive state
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| Vitamins are organic compounds | they often function as coenzymes to assist in catalysis
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| As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive all organs switch from the | the brain
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| Heat-Loss mechanisms do not include | vasoconstriction
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| The most important hormonal factor in determing BMR | Thyroxine
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| Which of the following nutrient yield the high amount of energy per gram when metabolized. | Fats
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| Which of the following does not occur in the mitrochondia | Glycolysis
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| The vitamin that is essential to the formation of clotting proteins is | Vitamin K
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| The trace of minerals cobalt is a constituent of | Vitamin B12
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| Most of Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12 and iron are stored in the | Liver
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| Vasodilation of the skin at room temperature does what | Lowers the body temperature.
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| A crtitical lipid that is used as building block of cells and hormones instead of an energy source is | Cholesterol
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| Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and oxidation phosphorylation occurs in the | Mitrochondia
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| The ____ is released to the blood and removed from the body in the urine. | urea
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| Lipids are not water soluble transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues and regulate cholesterol synthesis | LDL( Low density lipoproteins)
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| The essential mineral for the production hormone T3 and T4 is | Iodine
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| A spermatozan contains all of the following parts of the cell except | golgi apparatus (it does contain nucleus, mitochondria, flagellum)
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| The process of creating haploid cells is called | meiosis
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| The sequence of the travel of spermatozoa is | testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
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| The interstitial cells (of Leydig) of the seminiferous tubule produce | androgen
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| Sperm production occurs at the | seminiferous tubules
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| The target of the pituitary hormone follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) in males is the | seminferous tubules
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| The uterus is located | posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the colon
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| The muscular wall of uterus is called the | myometrium
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| The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the | cervix
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| The ligaments that arise on the lateral margins of the uterus and extend through the inguinal canal are the | round ligaments
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| A corpus luteum is formed by | the follicle after ovulation
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| Chronologically, the luteal phase of ovarian cycle corresponds to ____ of the uterine cycle. | secretory phase
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| The surge of luteinizing hormone level occurs right before | ovulation
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| During the menses phase of the uterine cycle: | the functional layer is sloughed off
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| Menopause is caused by: | no primordial follicles left to respond to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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| The reproductive system: | produces gametes, stores and transports gametes, nourishes gametes (all of them)
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| Projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septae, divide the testis into | lobules
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| The spermatic cord is: | a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics that serve the testis
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| The sustentacular cells (Sertoli Cells) of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except: | secrete testosterone (they do maintain the blood-testis barrier, support spermiogenesis, secrete inhibin, secrete androgen-binding protein)
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| The cells that are formed at the end of meiosis are called | spermatids
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| Taking food into the system | Ingestion
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| Chewing, Mixing, Churning and segmentation of food | Mechanical Digestion
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| Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules | Chemical Digestion
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| Passage of Digested materials from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph | Absorption
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| Elimination of digestible solids | Defacation
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| Provide the primary source of fuel for ATP synthesis | Carbohydrates
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| Acts as an accessory fuel | Lipids
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| Important structural material (keratin, collagen, etc) and functional materials (enzymes, etc) | Proteins
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| Most function as co-enzymes | not used as structural components
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| Incorporation into some body structures | used in conjunction with enzymes
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| Solvent for chemical reactions in body | Water
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| A protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine | Creatinine
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| Not normally found in the urine | Glucose
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| A detoxified ammonia compound | Urea
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| In relation to the extrinsic salivary glands....... | ....they are primarily regulated by the parasympathetic division of ANS
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| During deglutination, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the | gastroesophageal sphincter
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| Protective collections of lymphocytes and macrophages occur in | the peyers patches
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| Starch is chemically digested by enzymes produced in the | salivary glands and pancreas
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| Swallowing reflexes begin when the receptors are stimulated by food in this structure | pharynx
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| Blood flows into the liver via the ___________ and ___________ | while blood exits the liver via the __________.
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| The major outcome that occurs through mechanical digestive activities is | an increase in the surface area of food by breaking it into smaller fragments.
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| The propulsive function that occurs int eh esophagus is called | Peristalsis
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| The stimulus for the release of pancreatic enzymes is | the presence of chyme in the duodenum containing protein and fats
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| What is the mixing action that exposes materials to secretions and absorptive factors? | Segmentation
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| What is the function of the large intestine? | Absorption of water, ions, and some vitamins
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| This organ provides absorbative function, is shorter than the small intestine, contains a large number of bacteria | Large intestine
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| Characteristic of essential nutrients | Cannot by synthesized by the body
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| Most __________ function as co-enzymes in the body | Vitamins
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| The form of visual pigments is a function of | vitamin A
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| The stage of cell respiration in which carbon dioxide is removed from a carbon source is | Krebs Cycle
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| The most significant source of heat in the body is | cellular respiration
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| What releases energy stored in chemical bonds? | the process of cellular respiration
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| Fats have many more calories than carbohydrates because they .... | contain more potential acetyl groups to enter Krebs Cycle
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| The thermoregulatory center is located in the | hypothalamus
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| Chromium is considered a | trace element
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| Insulin release would occur in | the absorptive state
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| The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is | Insulin
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| How is Na+ reabsorbed? | Active transport using ATP
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| In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce | urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions
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| Nephron cells that respond to the concentration of filtrate are | macula densa cells
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| What produces a concentration gradient that will allow the nephron to concentrate filtrate? | countercurrent mechanism
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| The most important factor influencing glomerular filtration rate is | blood hydrostatic pressure
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| when the concentration of ADH increases.... | less urine is produced
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| which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder | ureter
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| which substance of the following would have the lowest absorption rate? amino acids: sodium: urea: glucose | urea
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| urine passes through what in what order to get to the external environment? | calyx
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| If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate will | Increase
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| Death of mitochondria in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle would result in | Increased Na+ and Cl- ions in the urine output
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| What is the main substance reabsorbed in the region of the descending limb of the loop of Henle? | Water
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