Review of The Digestive System: Anatomy and Physiology
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| Right Lobe | larger. has sub-divisions called caudate and quadrate
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| Liver | largest internal organ. Inferior to diaphragm
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| Digestion | Food is broken down both mechanically and chemically
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| Alimentary Canal / GI Tract | a continuous tube from the mouth to the anus
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| Accessory organs | secrete their products into the digestive tract
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| Mesentery | suspends small intestine from the posterior body wall
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| Villi | Finger-like extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase surface area
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| Peyer's Patches | collections of lymphatic tissue found in submucosa of small intestine
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| Plicae Circulares | folds of the small intestine wall
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| Two regions involved in the physical breakdown of food | Oral Cavity and Stomach
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| Tongue | Organ that mixes food in the mouth
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| Pharynx | common passage for food and air
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| Greater Omentum, Lesser Omentum, Mesentery | Three extensions/modifications of the peritoneum
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| Esophagus | A food chute with no digestive or absorptive role
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| Rugae | Folds of the stomach mucosa
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| Haustra | sac-like outpocketings of the large intestine wall
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| Microvilli | projections of the plasma membrane of a cell that increase the cell's surface area
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| Ileocecal Valve | prevents food from moving back into the small intestine once it has entered the large intestine
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| Small Intestine | Organ responsible for most food and water absorption
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| Colon | Organ primarily involved in water absorption and feces formation
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| Vestibule | Area between the teeth and lips/cheeks
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| Appendix | Blind sac hanging from the initial part of the colon
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| Stomach | Organ in which protein digestion begins
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| Lesser Omentum | Membrane attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach
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| Small Intestine | Organ into which the stomach empties
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| Pyloric Sphincter | Controls the movement of food from the stomach into the duodendum
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| Soft Palate | Uvula hangs from its posterior edge
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| Parietal Peritoneum | Serosa of the abdominal cavity wall
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| Anal Canal | Region containg two sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body
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| Hard Palate | Upper-front boundary of the oral cavity which is supported by bone
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| Four Layers of Akimentary Canal | Mucosa - the secretory and absorptive layer. Muscularis Externa - layer composed of at least two muscle layers. Submucosa - Connective tissue layer containing blood, lymph vessels and nerves. Serosa - outermost layer of the wall; visceral peritoneum
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| Salivary Amylase | Starch digestion begins in the mouth when this is ducted in by the salivary glands
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| Hormonal Stimulus | Gastrin, which prods the stomach glands to produce more enzymes and HCL represents a hormonal stimulus
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| Psychological Stimulus | Thought of food makes your mouth water
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| Mechanical Stimulus | Chewing gum to increase saliva formation when your mouth is dry
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| Pepsin | Protein foods are largely acted on in the stomach by Pepsin
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| HCL | For the stomach protein-digesting enzymes to become active, Hydrochloric acid is needed
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| Mucus | The most important means of stomach digestion
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| Rennin | A milk protein-digesting enzyme found in children but uncommon in adults
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| Churning | The third layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach wall allows mixing and mechanical breakdown by churning
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| Brush border enzymes | Important intestinal enzymes
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| Bicarbonate-rich fluid | Is ducted into pancreas to protect the small intestine from corrosion caused by HCL in chyme
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| Bile | A nonenzyme substance that causes fat to be dispersed into smaller globules is bile
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| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the abdominal serosa
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| Heartburn | Condition resulting from the reflux of acidic gastric juice into the esophagus
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| Jaundice | indicates liver problems or blockage of the biliary ducts
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| Ulcer | Erosion of the stomach or duodenal mucosa
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| Diarrhea | Passage of watery stools
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| Gallstones | causes severe epigastric pain; associated with prolonged storage of bile in the gallbladder
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| Constipation | Inability to pass feces; often a result of poor bowel habits
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| CCK or Secretin Hormone | Stimulate pancreas to release its secretions
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| Gastrin Hormone | This hormone stimulates increased production of gastric juice
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| CCK Hormone | This causes the gallbladder to release stored bile
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| Secretin Hormone | This hormone causes the liver to increase its output of bile
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| Building blocks of Carbohydrates | Monosacchiarides
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| 3 Common simple sugars in our diet | Fructose, Galactose, Glucose
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| Name three Disacchiarides | Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose
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| Amino Acids | Protein foods must be digested to amino acids before they can be absorbed
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| Two building blocks for fats | Fatty Acids and Glycerol
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| Most important simple sugar | Glucose "Blood Sugar"
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| Water absorbed | Passively by diffusion or osmosis
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| Amino Acids absorbed | from digestive tract by active transport
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| Simple Sugars absorbed | from the digestive tract by active transport
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| Fatty Acids absorbed | passively by diffusion or osmosis
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| Electrolytes absorbed | from the digestive tract by active transport
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| Two major types of movement in small intestine | Peristalsis and Segmental
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| Reverse peristalsis | Vomiting
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| Most used substance for producing energy-rich ATP | Carbohydrates
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| Important in building Myelin sheaths and cell membranes | Fats
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| This tends to be conserved by cells | Amino Acids
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| The second most important food source for making cellular energy | Fats
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| Forms insulating deposits around body organs and beneath the skin | Fats
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| Used to make bulk of cell structure and functional substances such as enzymes | Amino Acids
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Created by:
renee3611