Kinesiology/Biomechanics
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| biceps brachii | superior of glenoid cavity (long head), coracoid process (short head) | radial tuberosity | -elbow flexion -forearm supination -weak shoulder joint flexion -weak shoulder joint abduction when externally rotated | c5-c6
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| brachialis | distal/anterior humerus | -coronoid process -ulnar tuberosity | TRUE elbow flexion | c5-c6
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| brachioradialis | humerus, just above lateral condyle | lateral surface of radius near styloid process | -elbow flexion -forearm pronation -forearm supination | c5-c6
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| subclavius | depression of scapula |
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| serratus anterior | surface of the upper 9 ribs at the side of the chest | anterior aspect of the length of the medial border of the scapula | -scapular abduction (protraction) -scapular upward rotation -scapular stabilization |
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| levator scapulae | tps of c1-c4 | medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the scapular spine | -scapular elevation |
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| upper trapezius | -base of skull -occipital protuberance -posterior ligaments of the neck | -scapular elevation -scapular upward rotation -extension and rotation of the head and neck |
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| pectoralis minor | anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5 | coracoid process of the scapula | -scapular abduction (protraction) -scapular downward rotation -scapular depression |
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| rhomboids | sps of c7-t5 | medial border of the scapula, inferior to the scapular spine | -scapular adduction (retraction) -scapular downward rotation -scapular elevation |
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| middle trapezius | sps of c7-t3 | -medial border of acromion process -superior border of scapular spine | -scapular elevation -scapular adduction -scapular upward rotation |
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| lower trapezius | sps of t4-t12 | triangular space at the base of the scapular spine | -scapular adduction -scapular depression -scapular upward rotation |
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| supraspinatus | supraspinatus fossa | greater tubercle of humerus | abducts humerus |
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| infraspinatus | infraspinatus fossa | greater tubercle of humerus | lateral rotation of humerus |
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| teres minor | lateral border of scapula | greater tubercle of humerus | lateral rotation of humerus |
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| subscapularis | subscapular fossa | lesser tubercle of humerus | medial rotation of humerus |
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| teres major | inferior angle of scapula | intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) of humerus | -glenohumeral extension -glenohumeral internal rotation -glenohumeral adduction |
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| pectoralis major | -medial clavicle -costal cartilage 1-6 -sternum | intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) of humerus | -glenohumeral flexion -glenohumeral adduction -glenohumeral horizontal adduction -glenohumeral internal rotation |
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| latissimus dorsi | -vertebrae t7-l5 -ribs 9-12 -iliac crest | intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) of humerus | -glenohumeral extension -glenohumeral adduction -glenohumeral horizontal abduction -glenohumeral internal rotation |
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| deltoid | -acromion of scapula -spine of scapula -clavicle | deltoid tuberosity of the humerus | ant. fibers: glenohumeral flexion, horiz adduction, int. rotation; lat fibers: glenohumeral abduction; post. fibers: glenohumeral extension, horiz. abduction, ext. rotation |
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| coracobrachialis | coracoid process | medial aspect of humeral shaft | -humeral flexion -humeral internal rotation |
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| supinator | -lateral epicondyle of humerus -supinator crest of ulna | proximal 1/3 of radius | forearm supination |
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| anconeus | lateral epicondyle of humerus | lateral surface of olecranon process of ulna | elbow extension |
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| triceps brachii | long head- inferior margin of glenoid cavity; lateral head- posterior/proximal humerus; medial head- posterior humerus | olecranon process of ulna | elbow extension; long head: humeral extension, adduction, horiz. abduction |
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| pronator quatratus | anterior/distal ulna | anterior/distal radius | forearm pronation |
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| pronator teres | -medial epicondyle of humerus -coronoid process of ulna | lateral shaft of radius | -forearm pronation -weak elbow flexion |
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| flexor carpi ulnaris | -medial epicondyle of humerus -medial olecranon of ulna -posterior ulna | -pisiform -hamate -metacarpal V | -wrist flexion -wrist adduction (ulnar flexion) |
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| extensor indicis | -posterior surface of ulna | phalanx II | -wrist extension -index finger extension |
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| palmaris longus | medial epicondyle of humerus | palmar aponeurosis of metacarpals II-V | -wrist flexion -weak elbow flexion |
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| extensor carpi ulnaris | -lateral epicondyle of humerus -posterior shaft of ulna | base of metacarpal V | -wrist extension -ulnar flexion |
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| extensor digiti minimi | -lateral epicondyle of humerus | proximal phalanx V | -wrist extension -pinkie finger extension |
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| extensor pollicis longus | posterior surface of ulna | distal phalanx I | -thumb extension -thumb lateral rotation -wrist extension -radial flexion |
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| flexor pollicis longus | interosseus membrane of radius | distal phalanx I | -wrist flexion -radial flexion |
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| flexor carpi radialis | -medial epicondyle of humerus | base of metacarpals II-III | -wrist flexion -radial flexion |
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| flexor digitorum profundus | -proximal ulna -coronoid process of ulna | distal phalanges II-V | -wrist flexion -digit flexion |
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| extensor digitorum | -lateral epicondyle of humerus | dorsal surface of phalanges II-V | -wrist extension -digit extension |
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| flexor digitorum superficialis | -medial epicondyle of humerus -coronoid process of ulna -superior half of radius | middle phalanges II-V | -wrist flexion -digit flexion |
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| extensor pollicis brevis | radial shaft | proximal phalanx I | -wrist extension -radial flexion -thumb extension |
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| extensor carpi radialis longus | -lateral epicondyle of humerus | base of metacarpal II | -wrist extension -radial flexion |
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| extensor carpi radialis brevis | -lateral epicondyle of humerus | base of metacarpal III | -wrist extension -radial flexion |
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| abductor pollicis longus | -posterior surface of radius -posterior surface of ulna | -trapezium -base of metacarpal I | -wrist extension -radial flexion -thumb extension -thumb abduction |
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| iliacus | inner surface of the ilium | -lesser trochanter of femur -shaft of femur | -hip flexion -hip external rotation |
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| psoas major and minor | -tps l1-l5 -vertebral bodies t12-l5 -base of sacrum | -lesser trochanter of femur -shaft of femur | -hip flexion -hip transverse rotation |
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| tensor fasciae latae | anterior iliac crest of hip | anteriolateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial band | -hip abduction -hip flexion -hip anterior pelvic rotation -hip lateral pelvic rotation -hip internal rotation -knee extension -knee external rotation |
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| sartorius | ASIS | medial/proximal tibia | -hip flexion -hip abduction -hip external rotation -hip anterior pelvic rotation -knee flexion -weak knee internal rotation |
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| rectus femoris | -AIIS -superior acetabulum | -tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon -upper border of patella | -knee extension -hip flexion -hip anterior rotation |
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| gracilis | -body of pubis -inferior pubic ramus | tibia, medial and below condyle | -hip adduction -hip internal rotation -assists with hip flexion -weak knee internal rotation -knee flexion |
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| adductor magnus | -inferior pubic ramus -ramus/tuberosity of ischium | -linea aspera of femur -inner condyloid ridge of femur -adductor tubercle of femur | -hip adduction -hip extension -hip external rotation |
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| adductor brevis | -body of pubis -inferior pubic ramus | -lower 2/3 of pectineal line of femur -linea aspera of femur | -hip adduction -hip external rotation -assists in hip flexion |
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| adductor longus | anterior pubis | middle 1/3 of linea aspera on femur | -hip adduction -assists in hip flexion |
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| pectineus | superior ramus of pubis | femur from lesser trochanter to medial linea aspera | -hip flexion -hip external rotation -hip adduction |
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| semitendinosus | ischial tuberosity | anterior/medial/proximal tibia | -hip extension -hip internal rotation -hip posterior pelvic rotation -knee flexion -knee internal rotation |
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| semimembranosus | ischial tuberosity | medial tibial condyle | -hip extension -hip internal rotation -hip posterior pelvic rotation -knee flexion -knee internal rotation |
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| biceps femoris | long head- ischial tuberosity; short head-lateral condyloid ridge and lower 1/2 of linea aspera on femur, | -head of fibula -lateraly condyle of tibia | -hip extension -hip external rotation -hip posterior pelvic rotation -knee flexion -knee external rotation |
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| gluteus maximus | -iliac crest -gluteal line of ilium -coccyx -posterior surface of sacrum | -gluteal tuberosity of femur -tensor fascia latae | -hip extension -hip external rotation -hip posterior pelvic rotation -upper fibers assist in hip abduction -lower fibers assist in hip adduction |
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| gluteus medius | lateral surface of ilium | greater trochanter of femur | -hip abduction -hip lateral pelvic rotation -ant. fibers: internal rotation, flexion and anterior pelvic rotation of hip -post. fibers: external rotation, extension, and posterior pelvic rotation of hip |
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| gluteus minimus | lateral surface of ilium | anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur | -hip flexion -hip abduction -hip internal rotation -hip anterior pelvic rotation -hip lateral pelvic rotation |
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| hip lateral rotators (deep 6) | -ischium -piriformis on ant. sacrum | posterior greater trochanter of femur | -hip lateral rotation -hip abduction |
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| vastus lateralis | greater trochanter of femur | -tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon -upper border of patella | knee extension |
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| vastus intermedius | anterior surface of femoral shaft | -tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon -upper border of patella | knee extension |
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| vastus medialis | linea aspera of femur | -tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon -upper border of patella | knee extension |
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| popliteus | posterior surface of lateral condyle of femur | proximal/posterior/medial surface of tibia | -knee flexion -knee internal rotation (as knee flexes) |
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| gastrocnemius | -popliteal surface of femur -femur condyles | calcaneus | -plantar flexion of foot -knee flexion |
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| soleus | -posterior surface of fibula -proximal 2/3 of posterior surface of tibia | calcaneus | plantar flexion of foot |
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| fibularis (peroneus) longus | -head of fibula -lateral/proximal fibula | -medial cuneiform -metatarsal I | -eversion -plantar flexion |
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| fibularis (peroneus) brevis | lateral/distal fibula | tuberosity of metatarsal V | -eversion -plantar flexion |
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| fibularis (peroneus) tertius | anterior distal 1/3 of fibula | dorsal surface of metatarsal V | -eversion -dorsiflexion |
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| extensor digitorum longus | -lateral condyle of tibia -head and upper 2/3 of fibular shaft | superior surface of middle and distal joints of phalanges II-V | -dorsiflexion -eversion -toe extension |
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| extensor hallucis longus | anterior middle 2/3 of fibula | base of distal phalanx I | -dorsiflexion -big toe extension -weak inversion |
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| tibialis anterior | proximal lateral 2/3 of tibia | -inner surface of medial cuneiform -base of metatarsal I | -dorsiflexion -inversion |
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| tibialis posterior | -proximal 1/2 of posterior fibula -interosseous membrane of fibula and tibia -proximal 1/2 of posterior tibia | -inferior surface of navicular -inferior surface of medial cuneiform -base of metatarsals II-IV | -inversion -plantar flexion |
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| flexor digitorum longus | medial 1/3 of posterior shaft of tibia | distal base of phalanges II-V | -flexion of phalanges II-V -inversion -plantar flexion |
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| flexor hallucis longus | middle 2/3 of posterior shaft of fibula | distal base of phalanx I | -flexion of phalanx I -inversion -plantar flexion |
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