eoc
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| genetics | study or traits, heredity, etc
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| gamete | reproductive cell+ reproductive cell= zygote
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| somatic cell | any cell other than sperm or egg cell
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| alleles | genes
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| homozygous | two alleles are identical
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| heterozygous | alleles are different
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| dominant | expressed with the presence of only one allele
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| recessive | only expressed when two recessive alleles are present
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| phenotype | the way the traits appear physically
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| genotype | specific genetic combinations that make a certain trait
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| monohybrid | cross between two people with one pair of different traits
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| dihybrid | two pairs of contrasting chatcters ie height and hair color
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| testcross | punnett square where one genotype is known and the other needs to be found out
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| autosomes | non-sex chromosomes
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| gene | piece of dna that hold a specific genetic code for a trait (in a chromosome)
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| karyotypes | photograph showing chromosomes of and organism
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| pedigrees | traces a certain trait throughout generations
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| crossing over | swap of genetic matter in meiosis, between homologous chromosomes
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| haploid | one set of unpaired chromosomes
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| diploid | cell with two sets of haploid chromosomes
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| homologous chromosomes (tetrad) | chromosomes with same structure and sequence and pair up during meiosis
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| dominance | only one allele needs to be present
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| recessive | 2 alleles required
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| probabilities | likelihood that a specific event will occur
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| incomplete dominance | neither allele completely rules over the other
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| codominance | both alleles expressed
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| polygenic inheritance | trait controlled by multiple genes
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| multiple alleles | more than two alleles for a particular trait ie hair color
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| sex-linked traits | carried on a sex chromosome
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| transformation | dna "transfered" from one cell/organism to another; change in genotype caused when cell accepts foreign material
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| avery's experiment | demonstrated that dna is responisble for transformation
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| nucleotide | sugar+phosphate+nitrogen base
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| a t c g bases | adenine + thymine, cytosine + guanine
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| complementary base pairs | sequence of bases on strand x match and pair to those of strand y
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| dna replication | the division of dna in nucleous prior to mitosis or meiosis
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| dna polymerase | adds nucleotides to exposed nitrogen bases, forms 2 new double helix
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| rna | takes dna codes to be transcripted outside of the nucleous to proteins can be made
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| differences between dna and rna | sugar=ribose, single stranded, uracil replaces thymine
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| protein synthesis | turning code for protein into the actual protein
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| uracil | replaces thymine in rna, bonds with adenine
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| transcription | rna copies a section of dna
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| translation | linking or sequenced amino acids to make a protein
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| rna polymerase | enzyme, binds rna bases to matching dna bases
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| messenger rna | gets code from dna and out of nucleous
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| transfer rna | binds with amino acids and carries them to ribosomes
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| codon | dna 3 nucleotide sequence signals start or stop for amino acid, mrna
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| anticodon | 3 bases complementary to the codon, trna
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| mutation | a change in a gene's dna
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| point mutation | one nucleotide is replace with another
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| substitution mutation | nucleotide is substituted with another
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| genetic engineering | manipulating genes for research and practical purposes
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| recombinant dna | from two or more different sources
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| restriction enzymes | bacterial enzymes, cut dna between specific nucleotides
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| plasmids | vector, carries gene to another cell
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| electrophoresis | to carry electricity; gel electropohoreisis separates dna fragments
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| probes | rna or dna strand/ radioactive or flourescently altered/ used in genetic engineering to bind with and identify a certain gene
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| human genome project | research project to identify all sequences and genes in human cells
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| dna fingerprinting | unique set of bands following ge, each persons
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| cloning | asexually produced, identical to parent, genetically the same
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| evolution | gradual development of life over time
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| darwin | founder of modern evolutionary theory
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| structual adaptations | changes in physical structure to increase chances of survival
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| natural selection | survival of the fittest
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| variation | differences among members of a poplulation; good are passed on, bad are not
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| fitness | those most adapted or able to adapt to a certain environment and survive
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| reproductive success | fertile offspring can be produced
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| galapagos islands | darwin researched evolutionary theory studying the tortioses and finches there
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| geographical isolation | physical barrier separates a population
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| reproductive isolation | formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer produce fertile offspring
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| gene pool | all the genes of a certain species or group
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| alleles | genes
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| genetic drift | amish, egyptian pharohs, extrememly limited gene pool
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| speciation | evolution of new species
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| genetic equilibrium | alleles don't change drastically from one generation to the next
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| stabilizing selection | selection of the average
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| directional selection | selection of one extreme
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| radioactive decay | breakdown of radioactive isotopes
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| half life | time it takes for radioactive substance to disintegrate
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| first life on earth | 3.5 billion years ago, unicellular organisms
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| punctuated equilibrium | speciation occurs quickly with rapid bursts and long periods or genetic equilibrium in between
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| gradualism | species gradually build up new adaptations
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| hardy-weinburg principle | mutations, movement, non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection
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| divergent evolution | species once similar become more distinct
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| convergent evolution | distantly related organisms evlove similar traits
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| coevolution | two species experience long term changes due to interactions with each other
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| homologous structures | similar between descendants
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| analogous structures | develop separately but perform similar functions
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| vestigial structures | body structure reduced in function now but once utilized by ancestors
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| taxonomy | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species
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| binomial nomeclature | Genus species
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| dichotomous key | set of paired statements that are used to identify organisms
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| phylogeny | evolutionary history of organisms
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| phylogenic tree | evolutionary relationships are displayed in a branching diagram
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| carolus linnaeus | created binomial nomeclature
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| cladogram | branching diagram forms y's based on shared characteristics
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| imprinting | behaviors imprinted in the mind
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| innate behavior | instinct; born with it
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| learned behavior | need to be taught
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| classical conditioning | using a stimulus to perform a behavior
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| operant conditioning | trial and error learning
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