final for lecture
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| Mouth: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | Physical, chemical, no nutrient, neutral, Salivary Amylase:Lingual Lipase, Starches>sugar and lipids>fatty acids
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| esophagus: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | no, no, no, neutral, none none
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| Stomach: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | physical, chemical, no, acidic, pepsin, protein>amino acids
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| small intestines: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | physical, chemical, nutrients diffision, basic, seperate flash card
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| Large intestine: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | no, no, water, neutral, none, none
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| Mouth enzymes source, enzyme, product | salivary gland, amylase, starch>Sugar: Tongue, Lingual Lipase, Lipid>fatty acid
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| stomach enzymes source, enzyme, product 1 | stomach, pepsin, Protein>amino acids
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| stomach enzymes source, enzyme, product 2 | infant stomach, Rennin, curdles milk>amino acids
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| stomach enzymes source, enzyme, product 3 | stomach, gastric lipase, lipids>fatty acid
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| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 1 | pancreas, pancreatic amylase, starch>sugar
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| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 2 | small intestine (brush border), Maltose, beer/sugar>glucose
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| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 3 | Small intestine, lactase, milk sugar>glucose
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| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 4 | small intestine, sucrase, sugar>glucose
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| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 5 | pancreas, trypsin, protein>amino acids
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| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 6 | small intestine, carboxypeptinase, protein>amino acids
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| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 7 | pancreas, pancraetic lipase, fat>fatty acids
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| cephalo-gastric (who is talking to who and action) | head talking to stomach, starts the stomach (churning)
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| gastro-enteric (who is talking to who and action) | Stomach to small intestine, make room>push food down tubes>open pyloric valve
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| enter-gastric (who is talking to who and action) | small intestine to stomach, stop pushing and close pyloric valve
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| gastro-illiac (who is talking to who and action) | stomach to large intestine, make room or go poop, open ilocical valve.
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| Gastrin action and reflex | activate stomach, cephalo-gastric reflex
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| cck action and reflex | stops the stomach and releases bile, entrogastric reflex
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| secretin action and reflex | releases a buffer, entrogastric reflex
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| location and function of bile | made in liver, stored in gall bladder, soap
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| Order of air going in | nose>Pharynx>Larynx>Trachea>bronchi>Lung>aveoli>blood
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| Inhale steps | Diaphragm contracts, moves down>plural cavity expands>reduces pressure inside plural cavity>air goes in because of difusion, pressure less in lungs than outside lungs
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| what makes carbonic acid | carbonic anhydrase
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| which dictates breath, O2 or CO2 | CO2
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| Supply and Demand of oxygen unloading | the less oxygen at tissue means more unloading of oxygen from RBC
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| When the curve shifts to the .... you get more unloading | right
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| responses to breathing 1 and 2 | 1. high co2 levels. 2. low O2 levels
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| factors that lead to more oxygen unloading and direction graph shifts | higher temp, co2, acid and shifts right
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| glycolysis | split sugar
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| glucose is... | 6 carbon sugar
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| aerobic metabolism | 1) glycolysis >2 pyruvates + 4 ATP + 2NADH. 2) Krebs cycle. 2 Acytel COA> 4 CO2 + 6 NADh + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP. 3) 6 NADH and 2 FADH> 32 to 34 ATP + H2O
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| Genesis | create. Absorptive state
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| lysis | breakdown. Post absorptive state
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| Post absorptive state facts | when we are out of food, using reserves of fat (lipidsysis) and sugar (glycogenlysis). When burning fat reserves you get keytone bodies.
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| Absorptive state facts | 1 hour after eating. filter and process, make energy, store reserve.
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| water soluble vitamins | B C non storable
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| fat soluble vitamins | D E K A storable
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| diarrhea is.. | when the sm. intestines are not absorbing
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| constipation is... | when the sm. intestines is absorbing to much
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| fiber is.... | plant cell wall, cellulose, wood, not digestible, stretches the intestines.
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| where is b12 made | large intestines by ecoli
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| what is the urinary system | cleaning out waste from blood
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| urine pathway | kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
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| kidney pathway | 1) filtration , by size, from blood to nephron. 2)re-absorption nephron to blood. 3)secretion from blood to nephron.
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| what is GFR | the amount of stuff flowing to/through kidneys
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| short term bp control | constricts afferent arteriole to let less blood into the kidney
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| long term bp control | monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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| channels to reabsorb | glucose, sodium, bicarbonate, amino acids/peptochannels, water
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| when the blood/water level is high... | ADH closes the channels to stop reabsorption
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| when blood salt level is low | alderstone builds channels to reabsorb salt
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| when blood sugar levels are high... | closes insulin channels
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| seminal vesicles | makes sugar (energy), Buffer (reduces acidity), clotting agent (makes sperm cloppy
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| prostate makes | activates sperm, starts them swiming, Plasmin (unclotter (5 minute delay)
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| bulbourethral gland makes... | mucus to remove old urine
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| ghrh are... | releasing hormones. Gonadotropic. Means they direct the the antierior pituitary gland to produce fsh or lh.
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| lh is | Luetinizing hormone. Makes testosterone
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| FSH is | folicle stimulating hormone. Directs testes to make sperm
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| making eggs timeline | starts before birth, pauses until puberty and stops at menapause
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| Graph of too much testosterone | gnrh down> lh down> lower testosterone
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| Graph of too little testosterone | gnrh up> lh up> up testosterone
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| inhibin | brain stops fsh from secreting
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| time space between ovulation and period | 2 weeks
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| when estrogen or progestrogen peakes | either releases egg or stops making eggs
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| when estrogen or progestrogen is super low | makes new egg
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| Testes | Hormone production (internal)
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| epididymis | sperm school, duct system (internal)
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| scrotum | temp control, sac carrying the testes (external)
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| vas deferns | carrying sperm, duct for seminal fluid, (internal)
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| seminal vesicles | produce seminal fluid, (internal)
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| Prostate Gland | secretes milky fluid activates sperm (internal)
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| Bulbourethral gland | produces thick/clean, alkalilne mucus (internal)
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| penis | dleivers sperm, urination, hobby (external)
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| coorpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum | where blood goes during erection (external)
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| oVARIES | makes eggs, estrogen
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| fallopian tubes | carries eggs
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| uterus | houses fetus, menstration
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| cervix | gatekeeper, muscles, opening for uterus, lube of mucus
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| vagina | intercourse, birth canal
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| vestibular glands | provides lube during sex
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| labia majora/minora | protection
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| clitoris | highly sensative material
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| Sex chromosomes male | xy
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| Sex chromosomes female | xx
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| Predominant hormone for male | testosterone
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| predominant hormone for female | projestrogen and estrogen
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| gonads and gametes made (male) | teste3s, spermie
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| gonads and gametes made (female) | ovaries, oocytes
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| internal genitals Male | prostate, glands
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| internal genitals female | uterus,, ovaries
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| external gentials male | penis, sack
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| external genitals female | vulva, labia
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| chromosomal sex of child is determined by what | genes from your parents
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| what determines the physical sex of child | hormones
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| Wolffian ducts... | In females they disintegrate. In males they become the vas deferens, epididymis and seminal visicles
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| Mullerian ducts... | they disenigrate in males and females became the oviduct , uterus and the upper part of the vagina
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| default biological sex | female
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| if testes are removed sex is... | female (mullerian ducts)
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| if testes are removed and testosterone is injected sex is... | male and female parts
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| normale male + anti testosterone | no parts
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| sry gene | malesness factor in Y gene
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| abstinence inturrupts | fertilization
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| spermicide inturrupts | sperm motility
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| condoms inturrupts | fertilization
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| oral contraceptives, depo, norplant inturrupts | ovulation/oogenesis
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| withdrawl (pullout) inturrupts | fertilization
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| natural family planning inturrupts | ovulation
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| iud inturrupts | implantation
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| vasectomy or tubal ligation inturrupts | fertilization
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| what contraceptives are hormonal agonists | the pill, depo, norplant (increase progestron)
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| what contraceptives are hormonal antagonists | none
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| icf= | Intracellular fluid or liquid in cell (water can leave but not the solutes
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| ecf= | extracellular fluid or everything outside the cell.
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| ECF types | lymph, intestitial fluid, plasma
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| where can fluid go (rule | all ecf are equally permeable and all icf stay isolated
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| Adh rule | holds on to water by not peeing
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| Aldersterone rule | holds on to salt and water follows
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| carbonic acid buffer system equation | CO2 + H2O >< H2CO3 >< H+ + HCO3-
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| respiratory side of carbonic equation | CO2 + H2O
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| renal side of carbonic equation | H+ + HCO3-
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| buffer in carbonic equation | H2CO3
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| A shift show the direction... | the equation moved. Renal or Respiratory
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| short term buffering is which side of the carbonic equation | respiratory
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| long term buffering is which side of the carbonic equation | renal
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| if the body is basic it is... | alkalosis
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| if the body is acidic it is... | acidosis
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| the two types of acidosis | metabolic and respiratory
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| the two types of alkalosis | metabolic and respiratory
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| Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by | things having to do with eating or body type stuff
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| respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are caused by | things having to do with the lungs or breathing
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| acidosis caused by extra ??? or deficient ??? | extra H+ or deficient in HCO3-
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| acid formula is... | H+
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| base formula is... | HCO3-
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| rule for determining type of acidosis or alkalosis and which side of equation | am i gaining or losing acid or base and is it from breathing or not.
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| CO2 normal value | 40
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| O2 normal value | 100
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| base normal value | 24-27
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| egg blocking types | fast block (electrical block) slow block (makes a membrane)
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| naming timeline | conception (weeks 1-3), embryo (weeks 3-8), fetus (weeks 9+)
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| placenta mmade by... | embryo in week 4
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| placenta made from.... | yolk sac and allantois
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| placenta makes.... | hormone HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin, baby hormone) to keep progesterone up
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| HCG function | keeps corpus luteum in tact, keeps progesterone up, keeps uterus bloody
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| reproductive hormones to know | placental lactogen, placental relaxin, prolactin, oxytosin
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| placental lactogen function | increase mammary glands
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| placental relaxin function | weakens cartilage (pubic symphisis)
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| prolactin location and function | anterior pituitary gland, makes milk
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| oxytosin | hypothalamus, releasing milk
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| genetics from start to finish | dna in nucleus> transcription> rna in cytoplasm> translation> (to amino acids)> makes protien (in rough er) >enzymes, keratin, melanin (TRAITS)
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