final lab
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| haha | haah
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| Blood flow in kidney | renal artery>segmental artery>lobar artery>interlobar artery>arcuate artery
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| glomerulus | is where the initial filtration of water, urea and salts happens in the bowman￢ﾀﾙs capsule that surrounds the glomerulus
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| pct | is where water, salt, glucose and potassium are reabsorbed & where h+ and ammonia are secreted into filtrate
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| descending loop of henle | is where water is reabsorbed
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| ascending loop of henle | first passively reabsorbed salt into the filtrate & second actively secreted salt into the filtrate
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| dct | sodium, bicarbonate and water are reabsorbed into the cortex & potassium and hydrogen are secreted into the filtrate
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| macula densa | live and detect low water volume in the filtrate. They send message to the juxtagloberular cells to produce renin.
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| internal sphincter | hold the neck of the bladder in place and is under involuntary control
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| external sphincter | keeps the urine in the bladder and is under voluntary control
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| Renal pathway | from afferent artery>glomerulus>bowmans capsule>decending loop of henle>ascending Loop of henle>distal convoluted tube>collecting duct>renal papilla>minor calyx>major calyx>the renal pelvis>ureter>bladder>urethra
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| keytones | normal in small amounts. Excessive amounts indicate abnormal metabolic processes (excessive fat burning)
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| urobilinogen | gives feces its brown color. Absences of urobilinogen indicates renal disease or obstruction of bile flow in the liver. Increased levels are hepatitis A cirrhosis
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| phosphate | excess can point to a bone disorder
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| Turbidity | clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, opaque, or flocculent. Normally, fresh urine is clear to very slightly cloudy causes for excess material increased cells (RBC, WBC), numerous crystals, bacteria
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| specific gravity | water starts at 1.000. urine has solutes so...1.001 to 1.030 is normal. 1.001 is very diluted
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| rbcs | when there are rbcs it is a problem. kidney stones, infection or tumors of urinary tracts
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| wbcs | presences means inflammation of urinary tract
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| casts | hardened cell fragments.
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| haploid | half the normal compliment of chromosomes. Or SEx cell chromosomes.
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| diploid | 23 pairs of homologues chromosomes
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| tetrad | a set of 4 chromatids
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| synapsis | the making of a homologues pair
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| dyad | sister chromatids
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| chromosome | a set of chromatids holding all the genetic information for zygote.
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| centromere | holds chromatids together
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| spermatogonium | primitive stem cells for making sperm located at the tubule periphery (outside building in)
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| Primary spermatocyte | destined to undergo meiosis. These cells grow towards the lumen of the tubules
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| Secondary spermatocyte | after the first meiosis. dna doesnt replicate after this
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| spermatids | soon to grow into sperm after spermiogenesis (or striping the extraneous cytoplasm)
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| lydig (interstitial) cells | Outside tubules and release testosterone
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| sertoli (sustentacular) cells | inside the cells, nuturing caring, squished, longish
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| acrosome | helmet of sperm, has digestive enzyme that eats teh outer layer of the ovum
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| midpiece | middle of sperm, had mitochondria used for energy
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| tail of sperm | used to whip around for energy
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| oogonium | egg stem cell
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| primary oocyte | the prophase of meiosis I (growth phase)
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| primordial follicles | 1st follicle, squamous single layer cells
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| primary folicle | 2nd follicle when it changes to cuboidal cells, produces estrogens
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| secondary oocyte | after the first meiosis division the daughter cells are produced. This one and another one very small called a polar body
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| ovum | only an ovum and not a secondary oocyte when the sperm penetrates
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| graafian follicle | where the egg is connected to the follicle at the top or any other place having a space in the follicle
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| antrum | space between egg and inside of the outside of the graafian follicle
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| zona pellucida | space between the egg and the granulosa cells
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| granulosa cells | surrounds the egg in the graffian follicle
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| corona radiata | when the egg comes out of the ovary
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| Embryonic stages to know | Fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, blastula, implantation, gastrulation, organogenesis
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| fertilization | when the sperm penetrates the oocyte
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| zygote | fertilized egg
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| cleavage | splitting into smaller blastomeres. 2, 4, 8, 16 cell stages
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| morula | at 32 cell stage, 3 days (rasberry)
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| blastula | when cell empties out, 4 days
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| implantation | when blastocyte attaches and inserts itself into the uterus
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| gastrulation | cell layer creation with endo, meso, ecto derms. organ creation (3 weeks
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| organogenesis | organ creation, 3.5 weeks
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| blastomeres | cells in the cleavage stage
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| inner cell mass | mass of cells at bottom of rasberry
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| trophoblast | line of cells around blastocyte cavity (base of cell)
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| chorion | interior of placenta
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| decidua basalis | the base cells at the base of the big fingers of the placenta
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| decidua capsularis | flat base (cap) of placenta
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| chorionic villi | big fingers of placenta
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| fetal placenta | the after birth placenta that comes out after milo was born
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| maternal placenta | space or spot baby was glued into (in the uterus)
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| yolk sac | yellow (depending on model) passes nutrients
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| allantois | jutts off yolk sac and becomes the umbilical cord
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| amnion | sac or lining baby lives in
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| amnionic fluid | fluid baby lives in
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| umbilical cord | place where nutrients get to baby
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| umbilical artery | away from baby heart to placenta (2 ARTERIES)
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| umbilical vein | to baby heart from placenta (1 VEIN)
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| endoderm | stomach, intestines, heart (deep layer)
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| mesoderm | muscles, bones (middle layer
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| ectoderm | skin, nerves (most superficial level)
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| monohybrid | cross between heterozygous parents
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| dihybrid | cross between heterozygous offspring with 2 traits
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| gamete | sex cells
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| genotype | actual genetic make up
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| phenotype | expression of the genotype/usually visible in some way
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| f1 | my kids
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| f2 | my grandkids
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| p1 | parents (me)
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| homozygous | when both alleles express trait same way
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| heterozygous | when both alleles express trait differently
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| dominant | allele with more potency and/or power
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| rescessive | less potent allele, still present but not expressed
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| sex linked | genes present only on x chromosome
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| autosome | the 22 non-sex chromosomes
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| sex chromosome | the 23rd pair of chromosome
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| allele | gene coding on homologous pair location
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