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Methods & Techniques

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Definition
Term
Group to generalize to   Population  
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Subset of the population.   Sample  
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the fact researcher is interested in explaining   Dependant Variable  
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variable used to explain the one dependent or causally prior to dependent variable.   Independent Variable  
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When experimenter can intentionally create variation in independent variable (ie. amount of funding)   Manipulation  
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Rival explanations for behavior of dependent variable.   Confounding Variable  
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units observations are made (regions, municipalities, etc)   Subjects  
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Set of data with which treatment group is compared.   Control  
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Subjects have equal chance of being assigned to treatment group or control group-purely by chance.   Randomization  
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Program rather than other factor caused results.   Internal Validity  
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Can the effect be expected under similar conditions in other settings.   External Validity  
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Convenience sampling-those accessible; volunteer sampling - volunteers-OK for descriptive results, may be bias, not representative of population   non-probability sampling  
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Individual has equal chance of being selected for sample   Simple random (probability sampling)  
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every Xth individual selected form list, starting randomly chosen point   Systematic (probability sampling)  
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Population may have 2 or more groups in study-provides best results; ensures even coverage of population; maintains random selection probabilities.   Stratified (probability sampling)  
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Used when stratified or simple random sampling would be difficult and/or expensive.   Cluster (probability sampling)  
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As ______increases, standard error decreases   Sample size  
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Created by: Sandy1101