the vocab
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| shield law | a law which gives reporters some protection against having to disclose their sources or reveal other confidential information and legal proceedings
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| symbolic speech | expression by conduct; communication ideas through facial expressions, body language, or by carrying signs, or wearing an arm band
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| picketing | patrolling of a business site by workers who are on strike
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| assemble | together with one another order to express views on public matters
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| content neutral | the government may not regulate assemblys on the basis on what might be said
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| right of association | the right to associate with others to promote political, economic, and other social causes
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| establishment clause | separates church and state
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| parochial | church-related, as in school
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| free exercise clause | the second part of the constitutional guarantee of religious freedom, which guarantees to each person the right to believe whatever he or she chooses to believe in matters of religion
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| libel | false or malicious use of printed words
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| slander | false or malicious use of spoken words
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| sedition | the crime of attempting to overthrow the government by force, or to disrupt its lawful acivities by violent acts
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| seditious speech | the advocation or urging, of an attempt to overthrow the government by force, or to disrupt its lawful activities with violence
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| civilian tribunal | a court operating as part of the judicial branch, entirely separate from the military establishment
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| bill of rights | the first 10 amendments to the constitution
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| civil liberties | the guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from the arbitrary acts of government, including freedom of speech and religion
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| civil rights | a term used for those positive acts of government that seek to make constitutional guarantees a reality for all people
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| alien | foreign-born resident, or non-citizen
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| due process clause | part of 14th amendment which guarantees that no state deny basic rights to its people
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| process of incorperation | the process of incorperation or including most of the guarantees in the Bill of Rights into the 14th amendments due process clause
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| certificate | a method of putting an case before the supreme court
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| majority opinion | announces the court's decision in a case and sets out the reasoning upon which it is based
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| precedent | court decision that stands as an example to be followed in future, similar cases
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| concurring opinion | written explanation of the views of one or more judges who support a decision reached by a majority the court, but wish to add or emphasize a point that was not made in the majority decision
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| dissenting opinion | written explanation of the views of one or more judges who disagree with a decision reached by a majority of the court
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| redress | satisfaction of a claim payment
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| courts martial | a court composed of military personnel, for the trial of those accused of military law.
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| original jurisdiction | the power of account to hear a case first, before any other court
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| appellate jurisdiction | the authority of a court to review decisions of lower courts
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| criminal case | a case in which a defendant is tried for committing a crime as defined by the law
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| civil case | a case involving a non criminal matter such as a contract dispute or a claim of patent infringement
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| docket | a court's list of cases to be heard
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| writ of certiorari | an order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up the record in a given case for review
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| inferior curts | the lower federal courts beneath the supreme court
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| jurisdiction | the authority of a court to hear the case
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| exclusive jurisdiction | power of the federal courts alone to hear certain cases
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| concurrent jurisdiction | power shared by federal and state courts to hear certain cases
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| plaintiff | in civil law, the part who brings a suit or some other legal action against another (defendant) in court
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| defendant | in civil suit, the person against whom a court action is brought by the plaintiff; in a criminal case, the person charged with the crime
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