Info from midterm to quiz 3

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Substrate (or Question)

Product (or answer)

Enzymes

Cofactors, coreactions

Retrovirus

Superoxide

NADPH oxidase

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Superoxide

Hydrogen peroxide

superoxidase dismutase

Copper

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Hydrogen Peroxide

Hypocholoride

myeloperoxidase

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Does a cancer patient need more or less Vitamin C? Are there any risks involved?

More! Yes. If there is a Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase defect (g6PD), then IV vitamin C could kill the patient.

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What is G6PD an insertion point to?

Pentose pathway! (hexose monophosphate pathway)

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Is NADH needed in inflammatory response?

Yes. It is needed to produce O2.

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WHat is insertion point to HMP from Glycolysis

Glucose 6 Phosphate and/or PGAL and/or Fructose 6 phosphate

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Glucose 6 Phosphate (in HMP)

NADPH

Glucose 6 phoshate dehydrogenase

Niacin

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NADPH (in HMP)

6 phospho gluconate + CO2 + NAPDH

6 phospho gluconate dehydrogenase

h20

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6 phospho gluconate (in HMP)

ribulose 5 Phosphate + NADPH + CO2

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NADP+

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in reactions 5 and 7 of HMP, what types of enzymes are used? What are they dependant on?

Transketolases. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

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What enzyme type is used in Reaction 6 of HMP?

transaldolase

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What insertion points for HMP are bidirectional?

PGAL and Fruc 6 Phosphate

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What insertion points in HMP are unidirectional?

glu - 6 phosphate

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What two enzymes produce NADP in the HMP pathway?

Glu 6 dehydrogenase and 6 phospho gluconate dehydrogenase

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What enzyme is involved in the only release of CO2 in HMP ?

6 phospho gluconate dehydrogenase

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What is Ribose 5 phosphate involved in?

nucleic acid synthesis.

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What defeciency would inhibit HMP pathway?

Thiamine, Niacin

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What is glutathione used as?

Antioxidant , also in AA transfr across membranes so cells can make proteins.

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Structure of Glutathione

Tripeptide. Glycine, Cisteine, glutamate

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Reduced form of glutathione is?

GSH

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Oxidized form of glutathione is?

GSSG

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What is the structural difference between GSH and GSSG?

disulfide bond.

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What supplement would you take OTC to increase glutathione in the body?

NAC (N-acetyl cysteine)

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Why do we have NADPH in the HMP pathway instead of NADH?

because it is unaffected when it comes to glycolysis. If NADH was used, then HMP would slow and speed up with glycolysis. That is not always needed. HMP can function regardless of energy levels

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Where does HMP occur?

Cytosol (primarily in liver and adipose cells)

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What are the two reversable steps in HMP?

1 and 2

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Formation of NADP in HMP comes from?

G6PD, Glu 6 P dehydrogenase and malic enzymes

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what is NADP used for?

lipogenesis, formation of steroidal hormones, Immune system for glutathione reduction.

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Which is inhibited by catabolic feedbakc inhibition? NADPH or NADH

NADH

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Why is fructose less regulated than glucose metabolism?

because it's insertion point into glycolysis is AFTER PFK1, the prime regulating enzyme.

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How many theoretical ATP are produced in fructose metabolism?

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Fructose (in RARE cases)

Fructose 6 Phosphate

Hexose Hexokinase

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Fructose (normally)

Fructose 1 Phosphate

Fructokinase

ATP, Mg+

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Essential Fructoseria is a defect of what?

fructokinases

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Symptoms of essential frucoseria

large amounts of fructose in urine.

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Fructose 1 Phosphate

Glyceraldehyde + DHAP

Aldose B

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Hereditary Fructose intolerance is related to a defect where?

Aldose B, it's blocked..

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What else does Hereditary fructose intolerance eliminate in urine other than fructose?

Phosphates

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Where does DHAP come from?

either glycolysis or fructose metabolism

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Name 3 insertion points of fructose metabolism into glycolysis

1. Fructose 6 Phosphate 2. PGAL by triose Isomerase 3. PGAL by glyceraldehyde kinase and ATP.

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Glyceraldehyde

Glycerol

alcohol dehydrogenase

NADH

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Glyceraldehyde

PGAL

Glyceraldehyde Kinase

ATP

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What does glycerol go on to do in fructose metabolism?

phosphoglycerols and triacylglycerols

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What happens to blood level Mg + in a person with Hereditary fructose Intolerance?

It has no home! Phosphates are being urinated out, and Mg makes a living by attaching to Phosphates.

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What is the normal ratio of Mg to Ca in the blood?

Mg is up, then Ca is up. Same.

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With someone with Hereditary fructose intolerance, what happens to the Mg to Ca ratio

becomes inverse when Mg is up, Ca is down.

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Why does the Ca level change in the blood in a person with hereditary fructose intolerance?

Because the excess Mg in the blood (due to lack of Phosphates) increases and inhibits parathyroid gland. The PT gland is responsible for reabsorbtion of Ca+, so Ca remains in the bone when Mg is increased.

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How does Vit D play into hereditary fructose metabolism?

Because parathyroid is inhibited by excess mg, that means that Ca is lower in the blood, so the kidneys release vitamin D to pull calcium out of the bones and into the blood. The two mechanisms then compete with each other and the body becomes inbalanced.

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Does fructose cause hypoglycemia in people with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance?

Yes! Fructose blocks the breakdown of glycogen causing hypoglcemic state.

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Do all cells require insulin?

No .

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WHat cells may not need insulin? Are they strictly regulated?

liver, kidney, testicular tissue, ovarian tissue, reticular of eye. No, they are less controlled because insulin is the moderator for glucose influx into cell.

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Sorbitol

Fructose

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

NADPH

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what type of linkage holds lactose together?

beta 1,4 linkage between galactose and glucose

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Where does galactose metabolism take place?

Cytosol

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carbamolyphosphate + aspartate

Carbamolyphosphateaspartate

carbamolyl phosphate synthetase 2

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Where do the ammonium and carbonyl come from to form carbamolyphosphate?

Ammonium: glutamine carbonyl: bicarbonate

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what AA do you need to make the galactose/lactose pathway work?

aspartate and glutamine

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Oratate + PRPP

Uridylate

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WHat does UTP do for the lactose pathway?

it commits the pathway. Hexokinases cannot recognize UTP, so the process will not go into glycolysis.

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Galactose

Galatose 1 P

galactokinase

ATP, Mg+

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Galactose 1 P

UDP galactose

galactose 1 phosphate uridytransferase

UDP glucose ---> Glucose 1 P

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UDP galactose

lactose

lactose synthetase

needs glucose, releases UDP

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Lactose

Galactose

Beta galatocidase

releases glucose

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Galactose

Galatitol

aldose reductase

NAPDH

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UDP glucose

Glucose 1 P

galactose 1 Phosphate uridyltransferase

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Glucose 1 P (in galactose pathway)

glucose 6 P

phosphoglucomutase

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What is insertion point from galactose metabolism into glycolysis?

Phosphoglucomutase reaction (glu 1 P to glu 6 P)

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Created by: tpingel