General
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| What is the largest organ n the human body? | Skin
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| Besides skin, what other structures are included in the integumentary system? | Hair and nails
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| What are the functions of skin? | protection (UV radiation & environment), temperature regulation, Vitamin D synthesis
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| What are the 2 main layers of the skin? | epidermis (surface) and the dermis (below the epidermis)
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| Describe the epidermis | It has a number of sheets of squamous epithelial cells; most of its cells are dead. It has 5 layers with 2 types of cells: keratinocytes and melanocytes
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| Describe the 2 types of cells in the epidermis | keratinocytes synthesize keratin (structural protein) giving skin it's toughness and waterproof properties;
melanocytes synthesize melanin (pigment-color & protects the skin from UV radiation); originates in the basale layer, reaches into the spinosum
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| Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (CORey Loves GRANdma's SPINach and BASil)(the deepest 2 layers are also referred to as the stratum germinativum)
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| Describe the stratum corneum | 25-30 sheets of stratified squamous eipthelia laden with keratin (i.e. keratinized); dead cells on surface layers; contains glycolipid between its cells
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| Describe the stratum lucidum | present only in thick skin (palms & soles); absent in thin skin
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| Describe the stratum granulosum | cells filled with keratohyline granules; this is the most superficial layer supplied with blood; cells above this layer die
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| Describe stratum basale and stratum spinosum | stratum basale: deepest of the layers; one layer thick; only layer where cell division (mitosis) takes place (i.e. the layer where new cells are created);
stratum spinosum: above the basale layer, several layers thick and contains web-like fibers
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| What are the 2 layers of the dermis? What percentage is each layer? | Superior (superficial) layer - papillary layer - upper 20%; deep reticular layer - lower 80%
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| What is the dermal papillary? | The superior aspect of the papillary forms ridges - this is how our fingerprints are formed; has thin, numerous blood vessels; contains nerves, fibers, and touch receptors (Meissner's Corpuscle)
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| What are the 3 types of nerves in the dermis? What do they react to? | Meissner's corpuscle - light touch; Pacinian corpuscle - pressure; bare nerve endings - pain
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| Describe the reticular layer of the dermis | It is made up of dense irregular connective tissue; the arrangement of the fibers creates flexure lines (also called lines of cleavage or Langer's lines); this provides extra skin at the joints
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| Describe the other consequences of flexure lines | gives rise to cleavage lines (surgeons must follow these lines for good cosmetic results in surgery); also gives rise to stria (stretch marks) from pregnancy, losing weight, and Cushings disease
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| What layer does the skin rest on and describe it, including its function? | the hypodermis - it is made up of adipose tissue (fat); provides insulation (heat), anchors the skin to the muscles, allows skin to slide over underlying connective tissue, and absorbs shock; this layer is also called the subcutaneous layer
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| What are the different types of skin appendages? | hair, glands (sebaceous, sweat, ceruminous, mammary) and arrector pili muscles
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| Describe the hair, including the 2 different types | Hair is made of keratin. The hair follicle is the space containing the hair. Vellus hair is hair found in newborns through puberty; terminal hair is found from puberty through adults
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| Describe the sweat glands found in the skin | eccrine - secretes sweat (98% NaCl solution), vitamins, drugs - found in palms, soles, forehead;
apocrine - active at puberty; contains NaCl, H2O, fatty substance (sexual attraction) - found in axillary & anogenital areas; duct empties into hair follicle
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| Describe the sebaceous gland | it opens into the hair follicle and produces sebum (oil); not present on palms or soles; becomes active at puberty; this is a holocrine gland consisting of simple alveolar tissue
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| Describe the ceruminous glands | they are an apocrine type of gland; they secrete cerumen (wax) and are found only in the ear; they protect against small insects and microorganisms
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| Describe the mammary glands | they are modified sweat glands which are modified to produce milk
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| How does the arrector pili muscle work? | It attaches to the hair follicle; when the muscle contracts (shortens), it causes the hair to stand up straight (goosebumps)
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| Describe the nail | nails grow from the nail matrix or nail root which is found near the tips of the fingers and toes; the nail is filled with keratin; it rests on a bed of tissue filled with blood vessels
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| What are the components of the hair follicle? | root, shaft, papillae (with blood vessels), root hair plexus, arrector pili muscle
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| What are the components of the nail? | free edge, body, lateral nail fold, lunula, eponychium (cuticle)
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