biology ch 15+16
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| change over time by which a modern organism has decended from ancient organisms | evolution
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| During his travels, _________ made numerous observations and collected evidence that led_______ changes over time | Darwin, life
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| Darwin observed characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands of the ____________. | galapagos
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| Returning home, Darwin developed his hypothesis that these _______ species were once the same species and that they had evolved from the original South American species after becoming _________ on the island | separate, isolated
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| Hutton and Lyell helped scientists recognize that earth is many millions of years old and the processes that ________ earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present | changed
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| ________ proposed that by selective use of disuse of organs, organisms aquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. | Lamarck
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| Who reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone | malthus
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| differences among individuals of a species | natural variation
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| selection where traits people wanted were bred for, things they didnt want were bred out | artificial
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| members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities | struggle for existence
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| the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is its_________ | fitness
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| any inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival is an------- | adaptation
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| over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. these changes _________ a species fitness in its environment. | increase
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| common descent principle that implies all organisms were all related | descent with modifications
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| Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on earth for millions of years. Evidence of this process could be found in the fossil record, the __ distribution of living species, homologous structures of living organisms, and __ in early development | geographical, similarities
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| structures which have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue | homologous
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| combined genetic information of all the members of a population | gene pool
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| the what of an allele is the number of times that allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur | relative frequency
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| two main sources of genetic variation are _________ and the genetic _______ that results from sexual reproduction | mutations, shuffling
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| the number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on how many ______ control the trait | genes
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| controlled by a single gene with only 2 alleles, leads to only two distinct phenotypes | single-gene trait
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| traits controlled by two or more genes | polygenic traits
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| natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequency and thus to _________ | evolution
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| Natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways name them | directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection
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| when individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end __________ selection takes place | directional
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| when individuals at the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve, ___________ selection takes place | stabilizing
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| when individual at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than those near the middle, __________ selection takes place | disruptive
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| which selection leads to two distinct phenotypes? | disruptive
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| random change is allele frequency is __________ ________ | genetic drift
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| in small populations that carry a particular allele may leave more descendants that other individuals, just by chance true or false? | true
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| a situation where allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of individuals is known as the what effect? | founder
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| what principle states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change ~ p2+2pq+q2=1 | Hardy-Weinberg
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| the situation in which allele frequencies remain constant is called what? | genetic equilibrium
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| name the five conditions necessary for hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | vary large population, isolated (no migration) mutations dont alter the gene pool, mating is random, all individuals are equal in reproductive success
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| the formation of new species | speciation
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| as new species evolve, populations become | reproductively
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| when the members of two populations can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring, what isolation has occurred | reproductive
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| what isolation occurs when two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior | behavioral
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| what isolation occurs when two populations are seperated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water | geographical
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| isolation in which two or more species live in the same habitat but reproduce at different times | temporal
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