UA/Micro Chapter 8
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| BUN | blood, urea, nitrogen
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| CDC | Centers for Disease Control
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| OSHA | Occupational Safety & Health Administration
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| epidemology | study of infectious disease
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| normal flora | helpful and necessary for life processes
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| pathogens or infectious agents | microorganisms that cause disease
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| stages of infection cycle | infectious agent, reservoir/source, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
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| infectious agents | bacteria, viruses, parasites (Rickettsia), protozoa, fungus (mold & yeast)
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| examples of reservoir | almost anything - vectors, water, food, fomites, humans
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| means of transmission | direct & indirect contact, vertical transmission, airborne, droplet, iatrogenic, inhalation
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| iatrogenic transmission | due to medical treatments, procedures, surgeries, injections
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| portal of entry/portal of exit | inhaled, ingested, absorbed - respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive tracts
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| anaerobes | microorganisms that grow without O2
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| environmental requirements for microorganisms | nutrients, O2 or no O2, temperature, PH, darkness, moisture,
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| stages of infection | invasion/multiplication, incubation, prodromal, acute, declining, convalescent
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| invasion stage | pathogenic microorganism enters body and begins to multiply, no signs or symptoms
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| incubation | first sign or symptoms
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| prodromal | definitive signs or symptoms i.e. fever, rash
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| acute | infection at its peak
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| declining | symptoms subside
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| convalescent | return to original state of health
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| inflammatory response | body's natural reaction to infection - to heal and replace injured tissue
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| cell-mediated immunity | T-cells activated - directly attack cancer cells, viruses, etc. (phagocytes) (thymus)
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| humoral immunity | B-cell lymphocytes produce antibodies that lock into antigen and neutralize (bone marrow)
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| immunity | body's ability to defend itself against pathogens and toxins
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| natural immunity | occurs as a result of being exposed to a pathogen
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| natural active immunity | direct exposure to antigen - body builds it's own protection
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| natural passive immunity | antibodies passed from mother to fetus
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| artificial immunity | occurs as a result of being given either antigen or antibodies
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| artificial passive immunity | pt is injected with antibodies (immunoglobulins)
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| artificial active immunity | pt given small amounts of antigen (immunization) to stimulate antibody reaction
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| live attenuated vaccine | weakened form of pathogen - produce antibodies against pathogen (MMR)
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| asepsis | free of germs
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| medical asepsis | destruction of microorganisms after leaving the body
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| surgical asepsis | destruction of microorganisms before they enter the body (sterilization for surgery)
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| hypochlorite solution | bleach (10%)
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| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver
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| Exposure Control Plan | developed by employer to protect employees that are at risk for exposure for BBP or OPIM
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| OPIM | other potentially infected materials
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| BBP | blood borne pathogens
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| regulated waste | infectious waste - medical waste contaminated with blood, body fluids, OPIM
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| work practice controls | methods used in workplace to protect employees from exposure
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| resident flora | normal flora present on skin
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| transient flora | bacteria on hands picked up via contaminated objects
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| nosocomial | disease originating in hospital - flora not found on hands
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| sanitization | cleaning process to remove tissue, blood or body fluids
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| disinfection | destroying microorganisms on fomites using chemicals (except for spores)
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| sterilization | complete destruction of all microorganisms - usually by autoclave
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| antigen | invading organism (bacteria or virus) that stimulates antibody production
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| antibodies | produced by B-cells (B-lymphocytes) attach to specific antigen to neutralize it
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| seroconversion | point at which antibodies are detectable in serum
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| SDS (MSDS) | safety data sheet (material SDS)
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| systemic signs of inflammation | fever, leukocytes, swollen lymph nodes, rashes, increased pulse
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| local signs of inflammation | redness, heat, pain, swelling
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