Comparative Government vocabulary and definitions.
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| Normative Questions | Questions that deal with how the world should be
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| Empirical Questions | Questions that deal with how the world is
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| State | Organizations that exert a monopoly of violence or force over a territory
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| Unitary State | A state where the political power is concentrated in the national capital!
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| Federal State | A state where political power is divided between the national capital (central state) and regions/localities
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| Rentier | A state which derives a substantial portion of its national resources from renting indigenous resources to external clients
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| Nation | A human community with shared culture, history, psychological sense of identity; based on culture, geographic, linguistic ties
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| Country | state, government, regime and people within a political system
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| Regime | norms and rules regulating individual freedoms and collective equality
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| Society | Group of people who share a distractive cultural and economic organization, as well as set of values and norms
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| Government | The leadership that administers the state
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| Institutions | Legislative, executive, judiciary, and bureaucracy
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| Politics | The struggle for power that gives winners the ability to make decisions affecting others; who gets what, when, and how
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| Political Culture | patterns of basic norms relating to politics; includes history, values, beliefs, traditions; influences political behavior
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| Legitimacy | extent to which a state’s authority is considered right or proper
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| Traditional Legitimacy | legitimacy derived from a long-standing tradition of being obeyed
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| Charismatic Legitimacy | legitimacy derived from the peoples’ identification with the magnetic appeal of the leader
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| Rational-legal Legitimacy | legitimacy derived from a system of laws or procedures that have become highly institutionalized
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| Sovereignty | a state’s ability to carry out actions independently
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| Legislature | branch of government formally charged with making laws
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| Bicameral | A legislature with two chambers
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| Unicameral | A single chamber legislature
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| Executive | Branch of government formally charged with making laws
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| Head of government | leader who deals with everyday tasks of running the state
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| Head of state | Leader who symbolizes and represents the people nationally and internationally, embodying and articulating the goals of the regime
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| Revolution | A major revision or overthrow of basic institutions
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| Correlation | Apparent association between certain factors or variables
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| Causation | When a change in one variable causes a change in another
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| Political Cleavage | Factors that separate groups
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| Crosscutting Cleavages | A division that includes people with differences, strengthening society
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| Coinciding Cleavages | A division that strengthens feelings of difference and discrepancy, weakening society
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| Democracy | System of government where the people choose policymakers in free, fair, and competitive elections
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| Liberal Democracy | A democracy with political competition, economic freedom, civil rights and liberties
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| Illiberal Democracy | A democracy where some personal liberties and democratic rights are limited
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| Social Democracy | A hybrid of liberalism and communism; values on both equality and individual freedoms; mixed welfare state
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| Communism | A system of government that emphasizes economic equality rather than individual political and economic freedoms; includes collective property (state ownership) and a dominant state
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| Authoritarian | regimes that limit the role of the public in decision making and deny citizens’ basic rights and restrict their freedoms
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| Corporatism | Citizen participation is channeled through state-sanctioned groups. When business, labor, and the government work close in policymaking
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| Cooptation | System used by non-democratic regimes where members of the public are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state and government
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| Theocracy | A system of government where the leader claims to rule on behalf of God
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| Political Ideology | Universal sets of political values regarding the fundamental goals of politics; ideal balance between freedom and equality
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| Liberalism (as a political ideology) | A political ideology that places a high priority on individual political and economic freedoms; favors economic equality, private property, capitalism, and protection
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| Libertarian | ideology favoring little government interference in the economy and personal freedoms
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| Political Attitude | Views regarding the status quo in a society; desired pace and method of political change
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| Liberalism (as an attitude) | A political attitude that supports evolutionary change within a system
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| Reactionary | A political attitude that promotes rapid change to restore political, social, and economic institutions that once existed
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| Radicalism | A political attitude that supports rapid, extensive, revolutionary change
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| Conservatism | Supports the status quo and views change as risky
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| Nationalism | The pride in one’s country or culture
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| Fascism | political attitude hostile to the idea of individual freedom and rejects notion of equality
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| Proportional Representation | in multimember districts, more than one legislative seat is contested in each electoral district. Voters vote for a list of party candidates instead of for a single representative and the percentage of votes a party receives determines how many of the di
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| First Past the Post/Single Member District | System where there is only one representative for each constituency and in each district the candidate with the greatest number of votes wins the seat.
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| Mixed electoral system | voters are given two votes for a candidate in a party; SMDs are elected based on plurality while other seats are elected from MMDs using PR
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| Political Economy | The study of how politics and economics are related
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| Developed Countries | high level of development based on industrialization, GDP, HDI, etc.
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| Developing Countries | countries with low standards of democratic governments, industrialization, social programs, and human rights guarantees
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| Under-developed Countries | State that has failed at some of the basic conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government (loss of control of territory, erosion of legitimacy, unreasonable public services, inability to interact as a member of the international community)
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| Neoliberal Economic Reforms | Free markets and free trade. Break down barriers to international trade and investment.
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| GDP | The total market value of goods and services produced in a country in one year, measured in US dollars. Tool for evaluating size of economy.
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| PPP | Purchasing power parity. Mechanism for estimating the real buying power of income in each country using prices in the U.S. as a benchmark.
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| Gini Index | Commonly used measurer of economic inequality; equality = 0 and inequality = 100.
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| HDI | a measure produced by the United Nations to measure standards of living; considers a variety of factors of affluence such as health and education
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| Globalization | Phenomenon where international forces shape politics in the context of a rapidly expanding and intensifying set of links among states, societies, economies
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| Linkage institution | Groups that connect the people to the government, such as political parties, interest groups, print and electronic media
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| Bureaucracy | structure and set of regulations in place to control activity, usually in large organizations and government
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| Marxism | Struggle between resources of the elites and proletariats leads to the classless society
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| Marxism-Leninism | vanguard of the proletariat, which is that the people with an understanding of Marxism would help the proletariat revolutionize
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| Command Economy | The government decides, plans, and controls the economy
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| Economic Liberalization | Decreasing involvement of the state in economics
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| Democratization | Transformation process from a nondemocratic regime to a procedural democracy to a substantive democracy
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| Democratic deficit | Idea that the EU is not democratic enough or meaningful enough to most EU citizens
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| Devolution | The handing down of power to regions and localities
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| Civil servants | Branch of government where people work for merit
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| Civil service | Government workers hired on the basis of competitive exams
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| Civil society | Place where political conflict and competition takes place; comprises organizations outside the state that help the people define and advance their own interests
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| Clientelism | states provide benefits to groups of political supporters
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| ISI (Import substitution industrialization) | – an economic development strategy emphasizing growth of domestic industries by using tariff protection
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| Interest group | Group of individuals who share common goals and try to influence public policy to meet these goals
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| NGOs (Nongovernmental organizations) | organizations across many different countries such as Amnesty International and the International Red Cross
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| Judicial review | Mechanism through which the court reviews laws and policies and overturns those seen as violations of the constitution
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| Parliamentary system | a system of government featuring an executive head of government (prime minister) elected from the legislature who is the leader of the largest political party; he and his cabinet are charged with formulating and executing policy
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| Prebendalism | Extreme patron-clientelism; common in Nigeria
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| Presidential system | Combines the roles of head of state and head of government; the president holds most of the government’s executive powers. Has directly
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| Semi-Presidential System | A system of government that includes a prime minister approved by the legislature and a directly elected president; they share executive power
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| Privatization | Selling state-owned company
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| Referendum | Direct vote yes/no policy; examples: Tony Blair for adopting of euro (considered) and Putin for Russia policy
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| Rule of law | A state of order in which events conform to the law; every member of society must obey the law
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| Supranational organization | An organization where decisions are made by international institutions
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| Technocrat | A system where decision makers are selected based on how skilled they are rather than how much political capital they hold
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| Totalitarianism | regime wherein a Communist party controls most aspects of a country’s political and economic system
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| Fusion of powers | the idea in the UK that Parliament is the supreme legislative, executive, and judicial authority. Legislative and executive is fused in the cabinet.
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| Socialism | State before classless society gains control
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| Radical | Favors fundamental, drastic, revolutionary changes in society
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| Nationalism | Ideology that focuses on the nation; pride and love of one’s country
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| Market Economy | Interaction between forces and supply and demand that allocate the goods and resources
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