Biostats boards
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| Positive predictive value | TP/(TP + FP). Probability that person actually has the disease given a positive test result
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| Negative predictive value | TN/(TN + FN) Probability that person actually is disease free given a negative test result.
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| What happens to PPV when there is a low incidence | Low incidence --> low positive predictive value
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| Sensitivity | TP/(TP + FN)Proportion of all people with disease who test positive.
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| Use a test with high sensitivity/specificity when there is low prevalence? | High sensitivity`
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| Use a test with high specificity/sensitivity as a confirmatory tests after a poitive screen | High specificity
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| Type I error = False positive/false negative? | Type 1 error = false positive. Stating that there is an effect or difference when none exists. (to reject null and mistakenly accept the experimental)
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| Type II error = false positive/false negative? | Type II error = false negative. Statin that there is not an effect or difference when one exists
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| Probability that there is a difference between two groups despite the study's failure to show the difference? | Type II error
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| To mistakenly reject the null hypothesis? | Type I error
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| To mistakenly fail to rejcet the null hypothesis? | Type II Error
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| Stating that there is an effect or difference when none exists | Type I error
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| Stating that there is not an effect or difference when one does exist | Type II error
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| Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false | Power (1-beta)
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| Liklihood of finding a difference when there is one | Power (1- beta)
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| Confidence interval that spans over 0. Is Ho rejected? | not significant. Not rejected (no difference)
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| Confidence interval for odds ratio, relative risk includes 1. Ho rejected? | Not significant. Not rejected
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| if CI between 2 groups overalps, then are these groups significantly different? | Not significanly different
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| Measure teh extent to which the sample means devated from the true population mean | SD/square root nSEM decreases as n increases (as you increase the number of people there will be less variability)
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| 1 standard devation = ___ %, 2 standard deviation ____%, 3 Standard deviation = ___% | 1 SD: 68 %, 2 SD = 95%, 3 SD = 97%
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| Relative risk | Proportion of diseased in exposed/diseased in unexposed (a/a+b)/(c/(c+d))
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| Odds ratio | Odds of having disease in exposed vs. odds of having disease in unexposed (ad/bc) or (a/b)/(c/d)
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| Attributable risk | Difference in risk between exposed and unexposed
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| Type of error: occurs when group being studied changes its behavior to meet expectations of researcher | Hawthorne effect
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| Error: occurs when a researcher's belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment | Pygmalian effect
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