BWX, Periapicals, Occlusals
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| occlusal plane parallel to floor | patient position
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| perpendicular to floor | midsagital line
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| size, speed, amount of time, # of films in packet | selection of film packet
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| what you want to be visible on the film | Film positioning
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| XCP, Snap-A-Ray, Stabe, Bitewing tabs/loops | Film Holding devices
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| round piece coming off machine where radiation comes out | PID
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| 18",12",16"(round, rectangular) | Length/Shape of PID
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| mA, kVp, time, | Control panel settings
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| how image on film gets there | Shadow casting
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| source of x-ray photons | focal spot on target of x-ray tube
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| records the image | function of the film
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| Goal of radiography | best density, contrast, sharpness, clarity using least amount of radiation
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| smallest possible source of radiation | sharper the image
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| Object and film as close as possible | reduced magnification
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| object and film parallel | decreased distortion
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| radiation must strike object and film at right angles(perpendicular) | decreased distortion
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| Ideal conditions | smallest possible source of radiation, boject far from source, object/film close as possible, object/film parallel, radiation must strike object/film at right angle
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| object/film are not parallel; radiation does not strike at right angle | Bisecting Technique
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| object to film distance is greater | Paralleling technique
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| long axis of tooth /plane of film form angle; x-ray beam directed at right angle to imaginary bisector | Bisecting Technique
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| used when parallel placement is impossible(small mouth, children, low palate, cleft palate, tori) | Bisecting
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| dimensional distortion and unequal magnification occurs in | Bisecting
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| steeper vertical angle causes shadow of zygomatic process to | superimpose roots of maxillary molars
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| film parallel to long axis of teeth | Paralleling
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| x-ray beam directed at right angle to teeth/film | Paralleling
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| Increased target to film distance to compensate for | Increased object to film distance
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| Minimal distortion, easy to learn, less time | Paralleling advantages
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| sometimes difficult to place films/patient discomfort | Paralleling disadvantages
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| patient seated upright; occlusal plane parallel to floor; midsagital plane perpendicular to floor | Patient positioning
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| Ala-Tragus line | Maxillary Point of Entry
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| 1/2 inch above mandible | Mandibular Point of Entry
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| Commissure of lips-tragus line | Bitewing Point of Entry
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| Side to side, central ray pass through interproximal space | Horizontal PID angulation
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| occurs when horizontal angulation is not correct | Overlapping
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| up/down; PID angle is zero when parallel to floor | Vertical Angulation
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| Tip of PID tilted toward floor | Positive vertical angulation
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| Tip of PID tilted toward ceiling | Negative vertical angulation
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| Views crowns and alveolar bone of Max. and Mand. teeth on 1 film | Bitewings
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| Most common dental film; included in FMX or taken alone at check-ups | BMX
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| Detect interproximal dental caries in posterior teeth(incipient lesions); Examine crestal bone of periodontal patients(vertical/horizontal) | Purpose of BMX
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| can be placed close to teeth and still be parallel to teeth of both arches | Advantages of BWX
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| doesn't show apices | Disadvantages of BWX
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| films with tabs attached, loops/adhesive tabs, XCP instruments | Bitewing holders
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| Central ray directed through contact area | Horizontal BW
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| +10 degrees | Vertical Angulation BW
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| level of occlusal plane | BW Point of entry
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| If not lined up correctly, area where no radiation hits film causes clear spot | Cone cut
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| Peri means | Around
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| Apex means | highest point
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| view the entire tooth(including root) and surrounding structures | Periapical series FMX
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| FMX film size depends on | patient age,size of mouth,shape of arches, anatomical limitations,film holder, patient's ability to tolerate film
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| Use___film patient can accomodate | largest
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| number of films in FMX | 18 including BWX
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| Film placement anterior periapicals | Vertical
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| Film placement posterior periapicals | Horizontal
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| Identification dot | towards biteblock
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| Wilhem Conrad Roentgen | 1895 discovered x-ray
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| Dr. Otto Walkoff | took 1st x-ray (Germany)
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| Dr. William aherbert Rollins | warned about dangers of radiation; also claimed to take dental x-ray 1st
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| Dr. William James Morton | Claimed to take 1st dental x-ray
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| Dr. C. Edmund Kells | also claimed to take 1st dental x-ray
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| William David Coolidge | Invented X-ray hot cathode tube
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| Howard Riley Raper | wrote 1st dental x-ray text book; introduced bitewing x-ray
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| Radiography | making of radiographs
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| X-ray/Roentgen ray | unknown ray(interchangeble terms)
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| Roentgenograph/radiograph | Image produced on the film
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| Cone-PID | end of x-ray tube
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| Panoramic radiology | Film gets entire mouth (ear-ear) on one film
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| Weston A. Price | suggested looking into bisecting/parallel teechnique(didn't receive credit)
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| A. Cieszynski | Applied rule of issemetry to bisecting technique
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| Franklin W. Mc Cormack | developed paralleling technique
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| G. M. Fitzgerald | Used longer PID with paralleling technique to compensate for distance(less magnification)
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| Tomography | Used in most Panoramic units-radiographs a single plane @ a time
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| Magnetic resonance Imaging(MRI) | method to take crossectional images produced on computer(no radiation) magnetic field
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| Computed Tomography(CT) | instead of film it uses computer to display
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| Digital Imaging | digital receptor captures images then transfers to computer
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| elements | simple substance made up of atoms
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| Atom | smallest particle of an element. Made up of subatomic particles
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| subatomic particles | Electrons, Protons, Neutrons
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| Electrons | little mass or weight and negatively charged
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| Protons | weigh more than electrons and are (+) charged (atomic #)
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| Neutrons | weigh almost the same as protons, no charge
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| Molecule | smallest particle of a substance
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| Isotopes | Atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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| Energy levels | Electron shells
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| Ions | Atoms that have gained or lost electrons and have become electrically unstable(charged particle)
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| Positive ion | Atom that lost an electron
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| Negative ion | The free electron that was separated from the atom
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| Ion pair | the positive and negative ions
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| ionization | formation of ion pairs
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| cause of ionization | x-ray photons hitting atoms
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| electromagnetic radiation | x-rays,gamma rays,cosmic rays
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| Particulate radiation | alpha,beta particles
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| Ionizing radiation | Any radiation that produces ions
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| 2 forms of radiation | Electromagnetic, particulate
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| Radioactivity | process that occurs when unstable elemnets are trying to return to a stable nuclear state
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| Decay | The release of energy by unstable isotopes in an attempt to regain stability
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| 2 forms of radiation released by decay | Particulate, Electromagnetic(Gamma)
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| Electromagnetic Radiation | The movement of wave-like energy through space as a como of electric and magnetic fields
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| Electromagnetic spectrum | Electromagnetic radiation placed in order according to their energy
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| Travel at speed of light, no electrical charge, no mass/weight, pass through space as particles in wave-like motion, give off electrical field at right angles/magnetic field at right angles, energies measureable and different | qualities of electromagnetic radiation
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| Particles in electromagnetic radiation | photons
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| photons of particles are | bundles of energy that travel through space at speed of light
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| Wave of electromagnetic radiation | wavelength,frequency, velocity
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| Wavelength | measured from crest to crest
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| Frequency | # of wavelengths that pass in a given time
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| Velocity | speed at which waves travel
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| Wavelength and Frequency are related how? | Inversely
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| The shorter the wavelength | The higher the frequency
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| X-radiation(x-rays) | don't all have same wavelength
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| Soft radiation | long wavelength with limited penetrating power
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| Hard radiation | wavelength 0.1-0.5A with great penetrating power
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| Properties of X-rays | Invisible,travel in straight line at speed of light,no mass/weight/charge,interact with mater causing ionization,photographic film emulsion,penetrate opaque tissue, effect living tissue
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| Where are x-rays produced? | In an x-ray tube inside tube head
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| When are x-rays produced? | when high speed electrons(kinetic energy) are abruptly stopped converting to bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation
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| Bremsstrahlung Radiation | majority of x-rays produced
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| Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced when? | high speed electron collides with nucleous of an ataom in target metal and all kinetic energy is transferred into a single x-ray photon;high speed e- is slowed down/bent off course and kinetic energy is lost turns into x-ray
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| Characteristic radiation | only produced when kVp is 70 or higher
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| only make up a portion of x-rays produced | Characteristic radiation
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| Characteristic radiation is produced by | high speed electron powerful enough to collide with and dislodge an e- from the k-shell of a tungsten target atom
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| No ionization occurs when | X-ray passes through an atom unchanged (9%)
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| Coherent scattering occurs when | x-ray is scattered unchanged(8%)
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| Photoelectric effect occurs when | x-ray gives all energy to orbital e- of an atom; original x-ray vanishes and e- with kinetic energy flies from orbit forming an ion pair. photoelectron knocks another e- from its orbit forming a secondary ion pair. keeps going until all energy used(30%)
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| Compton effect occurs when | x-ray gives some energy to orbital e- and rest forms a weaker x-ray that scatters in a different direction. The new x-ray may undergo a new comton or photoelectric (62%)
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| 2 forms of ionizing radiation | Photoelectric and Compton effect
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| forms of non-ionizing radition | no interaction, scatter
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| Exposure | measurement of ionizations in air produced by x-rays
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| Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg) | Exposure
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| Absorbed dose | amount of energy deposited in the tissue
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| Gray(Gy) | Absorbed dose
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| Dose Equivalent | Absorbed dose X biological effect mod. factor
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| Dose Equivalent= | Absorbed dose
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| Sievert (Sv) | Dose equivalent
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| (C/kg)= | Roentgen(R)
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| (Gy)= | rad
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| (Sv)= | rem
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| Line switch,mA selector,kVp selector,Timer(60 impulse a second) | Control Panel
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| Suspend tube head, allows positioning of PID, Passage of electrical current | Functions of the extension arm
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| Metal housing contains | X-ray tube,insulating oil,step-up/step-down transformer
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| protects x-ray tube,increases safety,precents over heating, absorbs any x-rays produced except for the primary beam | Functions of the metal housing
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| Conditions required for x-ray production | free source of electrons,High voltage to give speed to electrons,Target capable of stopping electrons
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| positive electrode (+) | anode
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| negative electrode(-) | cathode
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| minimizes resistance to electrons | vacuum
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| Tube location in metal housing | located behind transformers(Richards)
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| To provide free electrons needed for x-ray production | Cathode
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| Components of cathode | Filament wire and Focusing cup
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| Filament wire made of | Tungsten
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| Tungsten wire heated to | Incondecence
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| Filament wire produces | Thermionic emission(electron cloud)
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| Composed of molybdenum | Focusing cup
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| Focusing cup dose what | directs electrons towards target
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| Stops high speed electrons converting them to X-rays | Anode
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| Copper stem and Tungsten target | Components of Anode
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| Carries headt produced to the radiator | Copper stem
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| imbedded in coper stem at 20degree angle;contains focal spot; converts electrons to x-rays | Tungsten target
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| Larger target but rays come off in smaller area; looks like a square,but is really a rectangle | Line Focus Principle
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| 1st steps in x-ray tube operation | turn on unit,set control panel
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| once exposure button is pressed | Low voltage(5V) to step-down transformer to supply filament wire with electricity to form electron cloud
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| supplies the anode-cathode with high-voltage to force free electrons across tube to the target | Step-up transformer
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| Percentage of heat and x-rays produced | 99% heat, 1% x-rays
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| removes heat | copper stem in anode
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| once x-rays are produced they | scatter in all directions
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| Most x-rays absorbed by | glass envelope, oil/air, transformers, and tube head
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| x-rays going in direction of PID | exit the window of the tube(thin glass area)
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| glass window is aligned with | the port(opening in tube housing
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| x-rays exiting PID make up | Primary Beam
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| After the port x-rays go through | collimator(lead)
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| restricts size of primary beam | Lead collimator
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| Center of the primary beam | Central Ray
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| weaker x-rays(soft) absorbed by | Aluminum filter
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| controlled by mA, kVp, exposure time,distance | Intensity
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| Intensity is a combination of | # of x-rays and energy of x-rays
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| # of x-rays in a beam | quantity(mA)
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| energy or penetrating power of x-ray beam | quality(kVp)
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| thickness of a given material(aluminum) to reduce intensity of x-ray beam in half | Half-value Layer
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| Amperage measures | # of electrons(quantity)
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| An increase in amperage | increases amount of electrons available to travel across tube(produces more x-rays)
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| Amperage range for dental machines | 7mA-15mA
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| measure of electromotive force; electric potential | Voltage(quality)
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| Voltage measures | electrical pressure between two electrical charges
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| Increase in kVp | increases the speed of electrons traveling across tube; increase penetrating power
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| Voltage range for dental machine | 70kVp-90kVp
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| changes direction between (+) and (-) current | Alternating current
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| 3-8 Volts we use 5V | Filament circuit
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| High voltage circuit | 60kVp-90kVp
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