CH24.Evolution by Natural Selection
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| Define Evolution. | the gradual change in characteristics of a population over time. It changes the characteristics of a population or species, NOT of individuals. Also defined as changes in allele frequencies over time.
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| Who discovered the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? | Charles Darwin and William Wallace
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| List the 3 significant influences on Darwin | 1. Lyell - Principles of Geology: earth is older than 6000 years
2. Malthus - overincreasing population is bad
3. Artificial Breeding
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| List the 4 Postulates For Evolution by Natural Selection. | 1. individual variability of traits
2. more offspring are produced than can survive
3. struggle for existence
4. differential success in survival and reproduction
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| Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck's theory of evolution in 1809 was - ? | Inheritance of ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS: populations/species could change over time.
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| Define Darwin's "Descent with Modification". He used this to describe evolution. | the branching off of species from the common ancestor, as opposed to linear evolution (worm->rat->cow->human).
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| define a Fossil | remains of life, not necessarily part of the organism: feces, footprint, hair
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| List 5 evidence for Evolution: | 1. Fossils
2. DNA Sequencing
3. Embryology & development of embryos
4. Biogeography
5. Comparative Anatomy
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| Define Vestigal Traits. | a reduced or incompletely developed structure that has no function or reduced function but is similar to functioning organs or structures in closely related species.
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| Define Adaptation. Compare it to acclimation. | it is heritable trait that increases an Individual's Darwinian fitness in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking that trait. Acclimation doesn't involve heritable traits.
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| How old is earth? | 4.6 billion years old
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| Define homology. | similarity that exists between species descended from a common ancestor.
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| Define Genetic Homology. | similarity in the DNA sequences of different species.
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| Define Developmental homology. | a similarity in embryonic traits.
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| Define Structural homology. | refers to similarities in adult morphologies.
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| Evolution by Natural Selection occurs when heritable variation __ __ __. | leads to differntial success in survival and reproduction.
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| Define fitness. | The ability of an organism to produce a larger number of surviving offspring than other individuals in the same population.
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| Define mutation. | Any change in the hereditary material of an organism.
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| Define Natural Selection. | The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than individuals without those traits, resulting in a change in the genetic makeup of the population.
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| Define variation. | Differences in traits among members of a population.
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